Abstract
Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate eight different integrated crop management (ICM) modules for 5 years in a maize-wheat rotation (M WR ); wherein, ICM 1&2 -ˈbusiness-as-usualˈ (conventional flatbed maize and wheat, ICM 3&4 -conventional raised bed (CT RB ) maize and wheat without residues, ICM 5&6 -conservation agriculture (CA)-based zero-till (ZT) flatbed maize and wheat with the residues, and ICM 7&8- CA-based ZT raised bed maize and wheat with the residues. Results indicated that the ICM 7&8 produced significantly (p < 0.05) the highest maize grain yield (5 years av.) which was 7.8–21.3% greater than the ICM 1-6 . However, across years, the ICM 5-8 gave a statistically similar wheat grain yield and was 8.4–11.5% greater than the ICM 1-4 . Similarly, the CA-based residue retained ICM 5-8 modules had given 9.5–14.3% (5 years av.) greater system yields in terms of maize grain equivalents (M GEY ) over the residue removed CT-based ICM 1&4 . System water productivity (S WP ) was the highest with ICM 5-8 , being 10.3–17.8% higher than the ICM 1-4 . Nevertheless, the highest water use (T WU ) was recorded in the CT flatbed (ICM 1&2 ), ~ 7% more than the raised bed and ZT planted crops with or without the residues (ICM 4-8 ). Furthermore, the ICM 1-4 had produced 9.54% greater variable production costs compared to the ICM 5-8 , whereas, the ICM 5-8 gave 24.3–27.4% additional returns than the ICM 1-4 . Also, different ICM modules caused significant (p < 0.05) impacts on the soil properties, such as organic carbon (S OC ), microbial biomass carbon (S MBC ), dehydrogenase (S DH ), alkaline phosphatase (S AP ), and urease (U RE ) activities. In 0.0–0.15 m soil profile, residue retained CA-based (ICM 5-8 ) modules registered a 7.1–14.3% greater S OC and 10.2–17.3% S MBC than the ICM 1-4 . The sustainable yield index (S YI ) of M WR was 13.4–18.6% greater under the ICM 7&8 compared to the ICM 1-4. Hence, this study concludes that the adoption of the CA-based residue retained ICMs in the M WR could sustain the crop yields, enhance farm profits, save water and improve soil properties of the north-western plans of India.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 7&8 gave the highest maize grain yield, 7.8–21.3% above ICM 1-6.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ICM 7&8 produced significantly (p < 0.05) the highest maize grain yield (5 years av.) which was 7.8–21.3% greater than the ICM 1-6”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5-8 had statistically similar wheat grain yield across years and 8.4–11.5% greater yield than ICM 1-4.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- ICM 5-8e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 8.4–11.5%e0
- Qualifier
- statistically similare0
- Comparator
- ICM 1-4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“across years, the ICM 5-8 gave a statistically similar wheat grain yield and was 8.4–11.5% greater than the ICM 1-4”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained ICM 5-8 increased system maize grain equivalent yield by 9.5–14.3% over residue-removed ICM 1&4.
- Treatment
- CA-based residue retained ICM 5-8 modulese0
- Outcome
- system yields in terms of maize grain equivalentse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 9.5–14.3%e0
- Comparator
- residue removed CT-based ICM 1&4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CA-based residue retained ICM 5-8 modules had given 9.5–14.3% (5 years av.) greater system yields in terms of maize grain equivalents (M GEY ) over the residue removed CT-based ICM 1&4”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5-8 raised system water productivity by 10.3–17.8% versus ICM 1-4.
Verbatim
e0“System water productivity (S WP ) was the highest with ICM 5-8 , being 10.3–17.8% higher than the ICM 1-4”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
CT flatbed ICM 1&2 had about 7% more water use than raised-bed and zero-till ICM 4-8.
Verbatim
e0“the highest water use (T WU ) was recorded in the CT flatbed (ICM 1&2 ), ~ 7% more than the raised bed and ZT planted crops with or without the residues (ICM 4-8 )”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 1-4 incurred 9.54% greater variable production costs than ICM 5-8.
Verbatim
e0“the ICM 1-4 had produced 9.54% greater variable production costs compared to the ICM 5-8”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5-8 returned 24.3–27.4% more than ICM 1-4.
Verbatim
e0“the ICM 5-8 gave 24.3–27.4% additional returns than the ICM 1-4”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM modules significantly affected soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease activities.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“different ICM modules caused significant (p < 0.05) impacts on the soil properties, such as organic carbon (S OC ), microbial biomass carbon (S MBC ), dehydrogenase (S DH ), alkaline phosphatase (S AP ), and urease (U RE ) activities”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
In the upper 0.15 m, residue-retained ICM 5-8 increased soil organic carbon by 7.1–14.3% over ICM 1-4.
Verbatim
e0“In 0.0–0.15 m soil profile, residue retained CA-based (ICM 5-8 ) modules registered a 7.1–14.3% greater S OC and 10.2–17.3% S MBC than the ICM 1-4”
e1“organic carbon (S OC )”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
In the upper 0.15 m, residue-retained ICM 5-8 increased soil microbial biomass carbon by 10.2–17.3% over ICM 1-4.
Verbatim
e0“In 0.0–0.15 m soil profile, residue retained CA-based (ICM 5-8 ) modules registered a 7.1–14.3% greater S OC and 10.2–17.3% S MBC than the ICM 1-4”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 7&8 improved the maize-wheat rotation sustainable yield index by 13.4–18.6% relative to ICM 1-4.
Verbatim
e0“The sustainable yield index (S YI ) of M WR was 13.4–18.6% greater under the ICM 7&8 compared to the ICM 1-4”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that adoption of residue-retained conservation agriculture modules could sustain yields, enhance profit, save water, and improve soil properties in north-western India.
Verbatim
e0“the adoption of the CA-based residue retained ICMs in the M WR could sustain the crop yields, enhance farm profits, save water and improve soil properties of the north-western plans of India”
t0“maize-wheat rotation”
The same questions in other papers
ipm · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.