Abstract
Integrated crop management (ICM) practices play a critical role in enhancing the maize’s physiological growth, optimizing the dry matter and nutrients’ acquisition coupled with increased productivity. The effect of these comprehensive long-term ICM practices was investigated on the growth and physiological characteristics, dry matter and nutrient accumulation, partitioning and remobilization, productivity, and sustainability of the maize under the field conditions in semi-arid regions of sub-tropical India. Eight ICM practices were evaluated over nine consecutive years (2014–2023), which included ICM 1–4 : conventional (CT); ICM 5–6 : double zero-tilled and ICM 7–8 : triple zero-tilled ICM practices. ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively. Further, these practices improved the photosynthesis rates (9.7–20.5 %), stomatal conductance (11.5–19.1 %), and transpiration efficiency (5.4–14.2 %). In addition, the residue-retained practices showed a greater reduction in canopy temperature (-3.2 to −4˚C) over the CT (-1.6 to −2.7˚C), along with the enhancements in total chlorophyll (31.1–49.7 %), and carotenoids (26.9–50.3 %) at anthesis stage. Additionally, the ICM 5–8 demonstrated the increases of 38.8–60.1 %, 168–219 %, and 45.9–81.3 % in pre-anthesis translocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), respectively over the conventional ICM practices. Likewise, the post-anthesis N, P, and K translocation increased by 20.3–29.4 %, 34.7–71.5 %, and 37.9–40.1 %, respectively under the residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practices. On average, the residue-retained ICM 7–8 practices led to a ∼19 % and ∼12 % increase in the grain and stover yields, respectively over the ICM 1–4 practices. In maize, the highest sustainable yield index too was recorded under the ICM 5–8 practices, which was ∼19 % higher than the ICM 1–4 . The study underscores the potential of adopting residue-retained zero-tilled ICM practices to enhance the maize yields and continuance of sustainability in the long-run.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices increased the relative growth rate of maize over conventional ICM practices by 7.9–8.2 %.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese1
- Outcome
- relative growthe1
- Direction
- incremente1
- Value
- 7.9–8.2 %e1
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices increased the net assimilation rate of maize over conventional ICM practices by 14.1–15.5 %.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese1
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratese1
- Direction
- incremente1
- Value
- 14.1–15.5 %e1
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices improved the photosynthesis rate of maize by 9.7–20.5 %.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese1
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 9.7–20.5 %e2
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e2“these practices improved the photosynthesis rates (9.7–20.5 %), stomatal conductance (11.5–19.1 %), and transpiration efficiency (5.4–14.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices improved the stomatal conductance of maize by 11.5–19.1 %.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 11.5–19.1 %e2
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e2“these practices improved the photosynthesis rates (9.7–20.5 %), stomatal conductance (11.5–19.1 %), and transpiration efficiency (5.4–14.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices improved the transpiration efficiency of maize by 5.4–14.2 %.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese1
- Outcome
- transpiration efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 5.4–14.2 %e2
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e2“these practices improved the photosynthesis rates (9.7–20.5 %), stomatal conductance (11.5–19.1 %), and transpiration efficiency (5.4–14.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained practices reduced canopy temperature more than conventional practice at anthesis.
- Treatment
- residue-retained practicese3
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee3
- Direction
- greater reductione3
- Value
- -3.2 to −4˚Ce3
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e3“the residue-retained practices showed a greater reduction in canopy temperature (-3.2 to −4˚C) over the CT (-1.6 to −2.7˚C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained practices increased total chlorophyll of maize at anthesis by 31.1–49.7 %.
- Organ / stage
- anthesis stagee4
- Treatment
- residue-retained practicese3
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle4
- Direction
- enhancementse4
- Value
- 31.1–49.7 %e4
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e3“the residue-retained practices showed a greater reduction in canopy temperature (-3.2 to −4˚C) over the CT (-1.6 to −2.7˚C)”
e4“along with the enhancements in total chlorophyll (31.1–49.7 %), and carotenoids (26.9–50.3 %) at anthesis stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained practices increased carotenoids of maize at anthesis by 26.9–50.3 %.
- Organ / stage
- anthesis stagee4
- Treatment
- residue-retained practicese3
- Outcome
- carotenoidse4
- Direction
- enhancementse4
- Value
- 26.9–50.3 %e4
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e3“the residue-retained practices showed a greater reduction in canopy temperature (-3.2 to −4˚C) over the CT (-1.6 to −2.7˚C)”
e4“along with the enhancements in total chlorophyll (31.1–49.7 %), and carotenoids (26.9–50.3 %) at anthesis stage”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices increased pre-anthesis translocation of nitrogen by 38.8–60.1 % over conventional practices.
- Organ / stage
- pre-anthesise5
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8e5
- Compound
- nitrogen (N)e5
- Outcome
- pre-anthesis translocatione5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Value
- 38.8–60.1 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e5“the ICM 5–8 demonstrated the increases of 38.8–60.1 %, 168–219 %, and 45.9–81.3 % in pre-anthesis translocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), respectively over the conventional ICM practices”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices increased pre-anthesis translocation of phosphorus by 168–219 % over conventional practices.
- Organ / stage
- pre-anthesise5
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8e5
- Compound
- phosphorus (P)e5
- Outcome
- pre-anthesis translocatione5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Value
- 168–219 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e5“the ICM 5–8 demonstrated the increases of 38.8–60.1 %, 168–219 %, and 45.9–81.3 % in pre-anthesis translocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), respectively over the conventional ICM practices”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices increased pre-anthesis translocation of potassium by 45.9–81.3 % over conventional practices.
- Organ / stage
- pre-anthesise5
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8e5
- Compound
- potassium (K)e5
- Outcome
- pre-anthesis translocatione5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Value
- 45.9–81.3 %e5
- Comparator
- conventional ICM practicese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e5“the ICM 5–8 demonstrated the increases of 38.8–60.1 %, 168–219 %, and 45.9–81.3 % in pre-anthesis translocation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), respectively over the conventional ICM practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained double and triple zero-tilled ICM 5–8 practices increased post-anthesis translocation of nitrogen by 20.3–29.4 %.
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesise6
- Treatment
- residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practicese6
- Compound
- Ne6
- Outcome
- translocatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 20.3–29.4 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e6“post-anthesis N, P, and K translocation increased by 20.3–29.4 %, 34.7–71.5 %, and 37.9–40.1 %, respectively under the residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained double and triple zero-tilled ICM 5–8 practices increased post-anthesis translocation of phosphorus by 34.7–71.5 %.
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesise6
- Treatment
- residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practicese6
- Compound
- Pe6
- Outcome
- translocatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 34.7–71.5 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e6“post-anthesis N, P, and K translocation increased by 20.3–29.4 %, 34.7–71.5 %, and 37.9–40.1 %, respectively under the residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained double and triple zero-tilled ICM 5–8 practices increased post-anthesis translocation of potassium by 37.9–40.1 %.
- Organ / stage
- post-anthesise6
- Treatment
- residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practicese6
- Compound
- Ke6
- Outcome
- translocatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 37.9–40.1 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e6“post-anthesis N, P, and K translocation increased by 20.3–29.4 %, 34.7–71.5 %, and 37.9–40.1 %, respectively under the residue-retained double and triple-ZT ICM 5–8 practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained ICM 7–8 practices increased grain yield by about 19 % over ICM 1–4 practices.
- Treatment
- residue-retained ICM 7–8 practicese7
- Outcome
- grain and stover yieldse7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- ∼19 %e7
- Qualifier
- graine7
- Comparator
- ICM 1–4 practicese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e7“the residue-retained ICM 7–8 practices led to a ∼19 % and ∼12 % increase in the grain and stover yields, respectively over the ICM 1–4 practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained ICM 7–8 practices increased stover yield by about 12 % over ICM 1–4 practices.
- Treatment
- residue-retained ICM 7–8 practicese7
- Outcome
- grain and stover yieldse7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- ∼12 %e7
- Qualifier
- stovere7
- Comparator
- ICM 1–4 practicese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ICM 5–8 practices improved maize growth attributes over the conventional ICM practices, wherein the increment in the relative growth and the net assimilation rates were 7.9–8.2 %, and 14.1–15.5 %, respectively”
e7“the residue-retained ICM 7–8 practices led to a ∼19 % and ∼12 % increase in the grain and stover yields, respectively over the ICM 1–4 practices”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM 5–8 practices gave a sustainable yield index about 19 % higher than ICM 1–4 practices in maize.
- Treatment
- ICM 5–8 practicese2
- Outcome
- sustainable yield indexe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- ∼19 %e2
- Comparator
- ICM 1–4e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In maize, the highest sustainable yield index too was recorded under the ICM 5–8 practices, which was ∼19 % higher than the ICM 1–4”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue-retained zero-tilled ICM practices are recommended to enhance maize yields and long-run sustainability.
- Outcome
- maize yields and continuance of sustainabilitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The study underscores the potential of adopting residue-retained zero-tilled ICM practices to enhance the maize yields and continuance of sustainability in the long-run”
The same questions in other papers
ipm · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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