Abstract
Controlled release phosphorus (P) fertilizers and humic acid (HA) applications are two effective and significant techniques or measures for preventing P loss and enhancing maize development. However, the underlying physiological mechanism of how the controlled release P fertilizers combined with HA affect the maize production and P-use efficiency (PUE) remains unknown. The effects of applying coated diammonium phosphate (CDAP) and HA together on soil nutrient supply intensity, soil phosphatase activity, photosynthesis, endogenous hormone contents, and yield of maize, as well as PUE, were examined in this study. In a pot experiment, two types of P fertilizers—CDAP and diammonium phosphate (DAP)– as well as two HA application rates (0 and 45 kg ha –1 ) and two P levels (60 and 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) were utilized. Results showed that the key elements that influence the growth and yield of the maize were the availability of P content in soil, plant photosynthesis, and hormone levels. The combination of CDAP and HA had a greater impact on yield and PUE over the course of 2 years than either DAP alone or DAP combined with HA. Besides, using CDAP in combination with HA increased the yield and PUE by 4.2 and 8.4%, respectively, as compared to the application of CDAP alone at 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 . From the twelve-leaf to milk stages, the available P content in the soil was increased by an average of 38.6% with the combination of CDAP and HA compared to the application of CDAP alone at 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 . In addition, the application of CDAP combined with HA boosted the activities of ATP synthase, as well as the content of cytokinin (CTK), and hence improved the maize photosynthetic rate (Pn). When compared to the application of CDAP alone or DAP combined with HA, the Pn of CDAP + HA treatments was enhanced by 17.9–35.1% at the same P rate. In conclusion, as an environmentally friendly fertilizer, the combined application of CDAP and HA improved the intensity of the soil nutrient supply, regulated photosynthetic capabilities, and increased the yield and PUE, which is important for agricultural production, P resource conservation, and environmental protection.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Soil P availability, photosynthesis and hormones influenced maize growth and yield.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the key elements that influence the growth and yield of the maize were the availability of P content in soil, plant photosynthesis, and hormone levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA improved yield over DAP alone or DAP plus HA.
- Treatment
- CDAP and HAe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- over the course of 2 yearse0
- Comparator
- DAP alone or DAP combined with HAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of CDAP and HA had a greater impact on yield and PUE over the course of 2 years than either DAP alone or DAP combined with HA”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA improved PUE over DAP alone or DAP plus HA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of CDAP and HA had a greater impact on yield and PUE over the course of 2 years than either DAP alone or DAP combined with HA”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA raised yield by 4.2% against CDAP alone.
- Treatment
- CDAP in combination with HAe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.2e0
- Comparator
- CDAP alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using CDAP in combination with HA increased the yield and PUE by 4.2 and 8.4%, respectively, as compared to the application of CDAP alone at 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA raised PUE by 8.4% against CDAP alone.
- Treatment
- CDAP in combination with HAe0
- Outcome
- PUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.4%e0
- Comparator
- CDAP alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using CDAP in combination with HA increased the yield and PUE by 4.2 and 8.4%, respectively, as compared to the application of CDAP alone at 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA increased available soil P by an average of 38.6%.
- Treatment
- combination of CDAP and HAe0
- Outcome
- available P content in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.6%e0
- Comparator
- CDAP alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the available P content in the soil was increased by an average of 38.6% with the combination of CDAP and HA compared to the application of CDAP alone at 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA boosted ATP synthase activity.
- Treatment
- CDAP combined with HAe0
- Gene
- ATP synthasee0
- Outcome
- activities of ATP synthasee0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of CDAP combined with HA boosted the activities of ATP synthase, as well as the content of cytokinin (CTK)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA boosted cytokinin content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of CDAP combined with HA boosted the activities of ATP synthase, as well as the content of cytokinin (CTK)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA increased maize photosynthetic rate.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hence improved the maize photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
e1“the application of CDAP combined with HA boosted the activities of ATP synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
CDAP plus HA enhanced Pn by 17.9–35.1% compared with CDAP alone or DAP plus HA.
- Treatment
- CDAP + HA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 17.9–35.1%e0
- Comparator
- CDAP alone or DAP combined with HAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compared to the application of CDAP alone or DAP combined with HA, the Pn of CDAP + HA treatments was enhanced by 17.9–35.1% at the same P rate”
t0“Maize”
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