Abstract
It has been reported that fulvic acid (FA) application improves soil structure and nutrient availability. However, the effects of combined application of urea (U) and FA solution on the photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) have rarely been reported. In this study, pot experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018, and the effects of combined application of urea and FA solution (U+FA) on soil available nutrient contents, maize endogenous hormone concentrations, carbon and nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme concentrations, maize yield, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were researched. Compared with the U treatment, the maize yield and NUE in the U+FA treatment were significantly increased by 8.31% and 17.09 percentage points in 2017 and by 16.90% and 24.31 percentage points in 2018. At the jointing and 12-leaf (V12) stages of maize, soil NH4+ content increased by 139.32% and 12.08%, separately, in the U+FA treatment. At the V12 stage, the auxin, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase concentrations in maize root were increased by 42.31%, 74.17%, 16.61%, and 45.60%, respectively, and the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment. The combined application of urea and FA solution significantly improved soil nutrient availability, increased the concentrations of endogenous hormones in maize, stimulated the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism, promoted the photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiency, and ultimately improved crop yield and NUE.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize yield 8.31% in 2017 versus urea alone.
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.31%e0
- Qualifier
- 2017e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the U treatment, the maize yield and NUE in the U+FA treatment were significantly increased by 8.31% and 17.09 percentage points in 2017”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize NUE 17.09 percentage points in 2017 versus urea alone.
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.09 percentage pointse0
- Qualifier
- 2017e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the U treatment, the maize yield and NUE in the U+FA treatment were significantly increased by 8.31% and 17.09 percentage points in 2017”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize yield 16.90% in 2018 versus urea alone.
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.90%e0
- Qualifier
- 2018e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the U treatment, the maize yield and NUE in the U+FA treatment were significantly increased by 8.31% and 17.09 percentage points in 2017 and by 16.90% and 24.31 percentage points in 2018”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize NUE 24.31 percentage points in 2018 versus urea alone.
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.31 percentage pointse0
- Qualifier
- 2018e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the U treatment, the maize yield and NUE in the U+FA treatment were significantly increased by 8.31% and 17.09 percentage points in 2017 and by 16.90% and 24.31 percentage points in 2018”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased soil NH4+ 139.32% at jointing.
- Organ / stage
- jointinge0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil NH4+ contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 139.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the jointing and 12-leaf (V12) stages of maize, soil NH4+ content increased by 139.32% and 12.08%, separately, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased soil NH4+ 12.08% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- 12-leaf (V12) stagese0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil NH4+ contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.08%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the jointing and 12-leaf (V12) stages of maize, soil NH4+ content increased by 139.32% and 12.08%, separately, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize root auxin concentration 42.31% at V12.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the V12 stage, the auxin, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase concentrations in maize root were increased by 42.31%, 74.17%, 16.61%, and 45.60%, respectively, and the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize root nitrate reductase concentration 74.17% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- maize roote0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Gene
- nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the V12 stage, the auxin, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase concentrations in maize root were increased by 42.31%, 74.17%, 16.61%, and 45.60%, respectively, and the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize root nitrite reductase concentration 16.61% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- maize roote0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Gene
- nitrite reductasee0
- Outcome
- nitrite reductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the V12 stage, the auxin, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase concentrations in maize root were increased by 42.31%, 74.17%, 16.61%, and 45.60%, respectively, and the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased maize root glutamine synthetase concentration 45.60% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- maize roote0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Gene
- glutamine synthetasee0
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the V12 stage, the auxin, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and glutamine synthetase concentrations in maize root were increased by 42.31%, 74.17%, 16.61%, and 45.60%, respectively, and the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased leaf pyruvate phosphate dikinase concentration 29.40% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- maize leavee0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Gene
- pyruvate phosphate dikinasee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
U+FA increased leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase concentration 42.96% at V12.
- Organ / stage
- maize leavee0
- Treatment
- U+FA treatmente0
- Gene
- phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylasee0
- Outcome
- phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentrations of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize leave were increased by 29.40% and 42.96%, respectively, in the U+FA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude combined urea and FA improved soil nutrient availability, endogenous hormones, nitrogen enzymes and carbon assimilation.
- Treatment
- combined application of urea and FA solutione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiencye0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- increased the concentrations of endogenous hormones in maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of urea and FA solution significantly improved soil nutrient availability, increased the concentrations of endogenous hormones in maize, stimulated the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism, promoted the photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiency”
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