Abstract
Several herbicides were applied in January, February, and March with a comparison of the intervals of treatment of 2 and 4 weeks after the initial treatment each month for postemergence control of winter annual weeds in bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf. Glyphosphate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatments applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled a higher percentage of annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) than when applied in March. Hop clover ( Trifolium agrarium L.) control was also higher when glyphosate was initially applied in January or February than when applied in March regardless of time interval between first and second treatment. Combination treatments of (a) 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba (3,6-dichloro- o -anisic acid) and (b) 2,4-D + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro- o -tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled more corn speedwell ( Veronica arvensis L.) and hop clover than when applied in March. Highest henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule L.) control was obtained from the combination 2,4-D treatments made at 4-week intervals when initial treatment was made in February and March. Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine] treatments. Germination and regrowth of weeds were greater in plots treated with glyphosate and paraquat initially in January or February than other herbicide-treated plots. Weeds were not reestablished in any of the atrazine-treated plots. Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant. All herbicides injured bermudagrass more when applied to semi-dormant turf in March than to dormant turf in January or February. Atrazine affected bermudagrass less than any of the other herbicides tested when initial treatment was applied in March to semi-dormant turf.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
January or February glyphosate at two-week intervals controlled more annual bluegrass than March application.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Treatment
- Glyphosphate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatments applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or Februarye0
- Outcome
- annual bluegrasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- applied in Marche0
Poa annuaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosphate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatments applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled a higher percentage of annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) than when applied in March.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February glyphosate controlled more hop clover than March application.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- glyphosate was initially applied in January or Februarye0
- Interactor
- Trifolium agrarium L.e0weed
- Outcome
- Hop clover ( Trifolium agrarium L.) controle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- applied in Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hop clover ( Trifolium agrarium L.) control was also higher when glyphosate was initially applied in January or February than when applied in March regardless of time interval between first and second treatment.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February 2,4-D plus dicamba controlled more corn speedwell than March application.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicambae0
- Interactor
- Veronica arvensis L.
Veronica arvensise0weed - Outcome
- corn speedwelle0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- applied in Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combination treatments of (a) 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba (3,6-dichloro- o -anisic acid) and (b) 2,4-D + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro- o -tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled more corn speedwell ( Veronica arvensis L.) and hop clover than when applied in March.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
e1“Hop clover ( Trifolium agrarium L.) control was also higher”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba controlled more hop clover than March application.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro- o -tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicambae0
- Interactor
- Trifolium agrarium L.e1weed
- Outcome
- hop clovere0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- applied in Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combination treatments of (a) 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba (3,6-dichloro- o -anisic acid) and (b) 2,4-D + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro- o -tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled more corn speedwell ( Veronica arvensis L.) and hop clover than when applied in March.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
e1“Hop clover ( Trifolium agrarium L.) control was also higher”
Claim · model-written summary
February or March initial 2,4-D combinations at four-week intervals gave highest henbit control.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- combination 2,4-D treatments made at 4-week intervalse0
- Interactor
- Lamium amplexicaule L.
Lamium amplexicaulee0weed - Outcome
- henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule L.) controle0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule L.) control was obtained from the combination 2,4-D treatments made at 4-week intervals when initial treatment was made in February and March.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat weed control did not vary with repeat-treatment dates or intervals.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Interactor
- weedst1weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Comparator
- dates and interval of repeated treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine] treatments.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
t1“weeds in bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine weed control did not vary with repeat-treatment dates or intervals.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- atrazinee0
- Interactor
- weedst1weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Comparator
- dates and interval of repeated treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine] treatments.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
t1“weeds in bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed germination and regrowth were greater after January or February glyphosate than other herbicides.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Germination and regrowth of weedse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- other herbicide-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination and regrowth of weeds were greater in plots treated with glyphosate and paraquat initially in January or February than other herbicide-treated plots.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed germination and regrowth were greater after January or February paraquat than other herbicides.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Germination and regrowth of weedse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- other herbicide-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination and regrowth of weeds were greater in plots treated with glyphosate and paraquat initially in January or February than other herbicide-treated plots.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds did not reestablish in atrazine-treated plots.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- atrazine-treatede0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Weeds were not reestablishede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds were not reestablished in any of the atrazine-treated plots.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February paraquat injured bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Paraquate0
- Outcome
- injured bermudagrasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant.”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February 2,4-D plus dicamba injured bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + dicambae0
- Outcome
- injured bermudagrasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant.”
Claim · model-written summary
January or February 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba injured bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicambae0
- Outcome
- injured bermudagrasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant.”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicides caused more bermudagrass injury in March semi-dormant turf than January or February dormant turf.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- All herbicidese0
- Outcome
- injured bermudagrasse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- dormant turf in January or Februarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicides injured bermudagrass more when applied to semi-dormant turf in March than to dormant turf in January or February.”
Claim · model-written summary
In March, atrazine injured bermudagrass less than other tested herbicides.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Atrazinee0
- Outcome
- affected bermudagrasse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- other herbicides testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atrazine affected bermudagrass less than any of the other herbicides tested when initial treatment was applied in March to semi-dormant turf.”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · crop injury · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
paraquat · weed · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
glyphosate · weed · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
atrazine · weed · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
glyphosate · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →acetic acid · Veronica arvensis · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
2,4-D · Veronica arvensis · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
atrazine · organism · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.