Abstract
The European Green Deal strategy currently implemented in the EU aims to, among others, reduce the negative impact of fertilization on the environment. One of the solutions influencing the nutritional status of plants and the improvement of soil quality is the use of plant symbiosis with microorganisms. Thus, in this study we investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonization on the nutritional status of apple leaves and fruit, depending on the nitrogen treatment. In a fully factorial experiment, trees were grown for nine years with or without AMFs and PGPR. We compared several ammonium nitrate treatments as well as growth without fertilization as a control. The interactions between inoculation and doses of nitrogen fertilization were observed. AMF + PGPR significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in leaves up to 5%, 23%, and 19%, respectively, depending on the N dosage. Conversely, in uninoculated trees, the nitrogen treatment had a negative impact on the leaf P mineral status. On the other hand, under microbial inoculation conditions, the dose of 100 kg N∙ha−1 diminished the leaf phosphorus content in comparison to other N doses, by a maximum of 9.6%. AMF + PGPR, depending on the N treatment, either did not influence or it decreased the Mg and Ca concentrations in the leaves by maximums of 8% and 15%, respectively. Microbial inoculation had no effect on the acquisition of Ca and Mg by fruits, except for the coupled negative influence of the 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatment. Symbiosis positively conditioned the K in fruits under a specific N regime—100 kg N∙ha−1 divided into two applications during the season and 50 kg N∙ha−1 applied to the herbicide strip, increasing the concentration by approximately 4% and 8%, respectively. This study greatly contributes to our understanding of the benefits of AMF and PGPR on perennials and encourages the future exploration of their effects on apple yield and fruit quality.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPR inoculation increased leaf nitrogen concentration by up to 5%.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of nitrogen (N)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF + PGPR significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in leaves up to 5%, 23%, and 19%, respectively, depending on the N dosage.”
e1“uninoculated trees”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPR inoculation increased leaf phosphorus concentration by up to 23%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF + PGPR significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in leaves up to 5%, 23%, and 19%, respectively, depending on the N dosage.”
e1“uninoculated trees”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPR inoculation increased leaf potassium concentration by up to 19%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF + PGPR significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in leaves up to 5%, 23%, and 19%, respectively, depending on the N dosage.”
e1“uninoculated trees”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatment negatively affected leaf phosphorus in uninoculated trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf P mineral statuse0
- Direction
- negative impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in uninoculated trees, the nitrogen treatment had a negative impact on the leaf P mineral status”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Under inoculation, 100 kg N∙ha−1 reduced leaf phosphorus by up to 9.6% compared with other nitrogen doses.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N∙ha−1e0
- Interactor
- AMFse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Value
- 9.6%e0
- Comparator
- other N dosese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under microbial inoculation conditions, the dose of 100 kg N∙ha−1 diminished the leaf phosphorus content in comparison to other N doses, by a maximum of 9.6%”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPR inoculation sometimes decreased leaf Mg by up to 8%, depending on nitrogen treatment.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on the N treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF + PGPR, depending on the N treatment, either did not influence or it decreased the Mg and Ca concentrations in the leaves by maximums of 8% and 15%, respectively.”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and PGPR inoculation sometimes decreased leaf Ca by up to 15%, depending on nitrogen treatment.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on the N treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF + PGPR, depending on the N treatment, either did not influence or it decreased the Mg and Ca concentrations in the leaves by maximums of 8% and 15%, respectively.”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation generally had no effect on fruit Ca and Mg acquisition.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Microbial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- acquisition of Ca and Mg by fruitse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- except for the coupled negative influence of the 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial inoculation had no effect on the acquisition of Ca and Mg by fruits, except for the coupled negative influence of the 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatment.”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatment coupled with inoculation negatively influenced fruit Ca and Mg acquisition.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatmente0
- Outcome
- acquisition of Ca and Mg by fruitse1
- Direction
- negative influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except for the coupled negative influence of the 100 kg N∙ha−1 treatment”
e1“acquisition of Ca and Mg by fruits”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiosis increased fruit K by about 4% with 100 kg N∙ha−1 split into two applications.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N∙ha−1 divided into two applications during the seasone0
- Interactor
- AMFse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- K in fruitse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiosis positively conditioned the K in fruits under a specific N regime—100 kg N∙ha−1 divided into two applications during the season and 50 kg N∙ha−1 applied to the herbicide strip, increasing the concentration by approximately 4% and 8%, respectively.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)”
t0“apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiosis increased fruit K by about 8% with 50 kg N∙ha−1 applied to the herbicide strip.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 50 kg N∙ha−1 applied to the herbicide stripe0
- Interactor
- AMFse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- K in fruitse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiosis positively conditioned the K in fruits under a specific N regime—100 kg N∙ha−1 divided into two applications during the season and 50 kg N∙ha−1 applied to the herbicide strip, increasing the concentration by approximately 4% and 8%, respectively.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)”
t0“apple Trees”
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