Abstract
The interactions among some bacterial bioagents, diazotrophs and phytopathogenic fungi were in vitro examined adopting the dual plate culture technique. Pseudomonas aurogonosa inhibited all the examined diazotrophs with an average inhibition zone measured 8 mm in diameter. In contrast, all diazotrophs could persist the antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas putida. Azotobacter chroococcum was the most sensitive to mixed cultivation with the bioagents wherease Bacillus polymyxa was the most tolerant. The bioagents antagonized all the examined fungal pathogens. Pseudomonas fluorescense exhibited the highest antagonistic capabilities against all pathogens with an average inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm followed by Bacillus subtilis (A) and (B). Interestingly, the examined diazotrophs suppressed growth of the pathogens; the measured inhibition zones averaged 12, 9 and 9 in diameter with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa, respectively. The bioagents and diazotrophs were in vitro screened for IAA, gibberellins, sidrophores and hydrogen cyanide production. All the examined bacteria were active producers of IAA, gibberellins and siderophores, while hydrogen cyanide was exclusively detected with the bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. In the greenhouse, the bioagents and diazotrophs improved plant survival, shoot biomass, nitrogen uptake and yield of cucumber plants. The improvements in the measured parameters were more pronounced when the bioagent mixture, composite of diazotrophs and their combinations were used for combating the root – rot disease in cucumber. With these inocula, the disease incidence was diminished to a minimum of 10 % whether the soil was infested with the pathogens or not. Shoot – dry matter production by cucumber plants was greatly affected by all inocula particularly, when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum. Such inoculum increased shoot biomass by 145 and 94 % over control plants in plain and fungi–infested soil, respectively. Moreover, the yield was maximized to reach < 2 and 4-folds higher than control plants grown with or without fungi, respectively. The obtained results refer to a possible integration of the examined diazotrophs as biofertilizers and bioagents in a combined inoculum for biological control of root–rot disease and improved growth and yield of cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas aurogonosa inhibited all examined diazotrophs in vitro, with a mean inhibition zone of 8 mm.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Interactor
- diazotrophse1other
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas aurogonosae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition zonee1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 8 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pseudomonas aurogonosa inhibited all the examined diazotrophs with an average inhibition zone measured 8 mm in diameter”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
All examined diazotrophs persisted the antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas putida.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- diazotrophse1other
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas putidae1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- persist the antagonistic effecte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“all diazotrophs could persist the antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas putida”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter chroococcum was the most sensitive diazotroph to mixed cultivation with the bioagents.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- Azotobacter chroococcumAzotobacter chroococcume1other
- Second interactor
- bioagentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- most sensitive to mixed cultivatione1
- Direction
- most sensitivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Azotobacter chroococcum was the most sensitive to mixed cultivation with the bioagents”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus polymyxa was the most tolerant diazotroph in mixed cultivation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- Bacillus polymyxa
Paenibacillus polymyxae1other - Outcome
- most tolerante1
- Direction
- most tolerante1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bacillus polymyxa was the most tolerant”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
The bioagents antagonized all examined fungal pathogens in vitro.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- fungal pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- bioagentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonizede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The bioagents antagonized all the examined fungal pathogens”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescense had the highest antagonistic capability against all pathogens, with an average inhibition zone of 21 mm.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- all pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic capabilitiese1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 21 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pseudomonas fluorescense exhibited the highest antagonistic capabilities against all pathogens with an average inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis (A) and (B) followed Pseudomonas fluorescense in antagonistic capability against the pathogens.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- all pathogense2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis (A) and (B)
Bacillus subtilise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- antagonistic capabilitiese2
- Direction
- followed bye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“followed by Bacillus subtilis (A) and (B)”
e2“Pseudomonas fluorescense exhibited the highest antagonistic capabilities against all pathogens with an average inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter chroococcum suppressed growth of the pathogens, with inhibition zones averaging 12.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Azotobacter chroococcumAzotobacter chroococcume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 12e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the examined diazotrophs suppressed growth of the pathogens; the measured inhibition zones averaged 12, 9 and 9 in diameter with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa, respectively”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum brasilense suppressed growth of the pathogens, with inhibition zones averaging 9.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibition zonese1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 9e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the examined diazotrophs suppressed growth of the pathogens; the measured inhibition zones averaged 12, 9 and 9 in diameter with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa, respectively”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus polymyxa suppressed growth of the pathogens, with inhibition zones averaging 9.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- pathogense1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus polymyxaPaenibacillus polymyxae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 9e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the examined diazotrophs suppressed growth of the pathogens; the measured inhibition zones averaged 12, 9 and 9 in diameter with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa, respectively”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
In the greenhouse, the bioagents and diazotrophs improved cucumber plant survival, shoot biomass and nitrogen uptake, compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- bioagents and diazotrophse1
- Interactor
- diazotrophse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- bioagentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant survival, shoot biomass, nitrogen uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the greenhouse, the bioagents and diazotrophs improved plant survival, shoot biomass, nitrogen uptake and yield of cucumber plants”
e2“Such inoculum increased shoot biomass by 145 and 94 % over control plants in plain and fungi–infested soil, respectively”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
In the greenhouse, the bioagents and diazotrophs improved cucumber yield, compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- bioagents and diazotrophse1
- Interactor
- diazotrophse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- bioagentse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- control plantse2
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the greenhouse, the bioagents and diazotrophs improved plant survival, shoot biomass, nitrogen uptake and yield of cucumber plants”
e2“Such inoculum increased shoot biomass by 145 and 94 % over control plants in plain and fungi–infested soil, respectively”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined bacterial inoculum increased cucumber shoot biomass by 145% over control plants in plain soil.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculume2
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 145e1
- Qualifier
- in plaine1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Such inoculum increased shoot biomass by 145 and 94 % over control plants in plain and fungi–infested soil, respectively”
e2“when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined bacterial inoculum increased cucumber shoot biomass by 94% over control plants in fungi-infested soil.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculume2
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 94 %e1
- Qualifier
- infested soile1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Such inoculum increased shoot biomass by 145 and 94 % over control plants in plain and fungi–infested soil, respectively”
e2“when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
With these inocula, cucumber disease incidence was diminished to a minimum of 10% whether or not the soil was infested with pathogens.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- these inoculae1
- Interactor
- pathogense1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- diminishede1
- Value
- 10 %e1
- Qualifier
- whether the soil was infested with the pathogens or note1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“With these inocula, the disease incidence was diminished to a minimum of 10 % whether the soil was infested with the pathogens or not”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Improvements in measured parameters were more pronounced with the bioagent mixture, composite of diazotrophs and their combinations, for root-rot control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- bioagent mixture, composite of diazotrophs and their combinationse1
- Outcome
- improvements in the measured parameterse1
- Direction
- more pronouncede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The improvements in the measured parameters were more pronounced when the bioagent mixture, composite of diazotrophs and their combinations were used”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of cucumber with fungi-infested soil was maximized at less than 2-fold higher than control plants when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculume2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- < 2e1
- Qualifier
- grown with or without fungi, respectivelye1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Moreover, the yield was maximized to reach < 2 and 4-folds higher than control plants grown with or without fungi, respectively”
e2“when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of cucumber in plain soil was maximized at 4-fold higher than control plants when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculume2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- 4-foldse1
- Qualifier
- grown with or without fungi, respectivelye1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Moreover, the yield was maximized to reach < 2 and 4-folds higher than control plants grown with or without fungi, respectively”
e2“when both bacterial groups were combined in an inoculum”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
All examined bacteria were active producers of IAA, gibberellins and siderophores in vitro.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- examined bacteriae1other
- Outcome
- active producers of IAA, gibberellins and siderophorese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All the examined bacteria were active producers of IAA, gibberellins and siderophores”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen cyanide was detected exclusively in bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- bacteria of the genus Pseudomonase1other
- Outcome
- hydrogen cyanidee1
- Qualifier
- exclusively detectede1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“hydrogen cyanide was exclusively detected with the bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas”
t0“PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFED CUCUMBER”
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