Abstract
The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) can colonize plants endophytically and stimulate the production of secondary plant metabolites with anti-herbivore activities. We assayed the topical virulence of B. bassiana to Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the effects of cucumber inoculation with this fungus on plant metabolites, and the physiological consequences for aphids that fed on these plants. Assays were conducted with both the commercial formulation of B. bassiana, 'Naturalis®-L', at the recommended concentration of 1.5 ml / L (yielding a spore concentration of 2.3 Ă 107 CFU per ml), and with a similar concentration of the isolated fungal strain. Topical application of 0.03 ml of solution per cm2, or 1 Ă 103 CFU, caused 100% mortality to A. gossypii adults after seven days, whether Naturalis®-L or the isolate alone was used. The fungus grew endophytically into foliage when sprayed on cucumbers at the 2-leaf stage and concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, hydrogen peroxide, and total chlorophyll were higher than in control plants 28 days after inoculation. Malondialdehyde content, plant growth, and total yield were unaffected by B. bassiana inoculation. Aphids fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants for 24 h had reduced activities of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase) compared to controls. Activities of digestive enzymes, (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase) were reduced in aphids from inoculated plants, which exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidase, but lower catalase activity. Energy reserves (lipids, protein, and glycogen) were lower in aphids from inoculated plants, and they exhibited reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods, and a 50% reduction in the LC50 of pirimicarb. Thus, in addition to causing direct pathogenicity, inoculation of plants with B. bassiana negatively impacted A. gossypii physiology and reproductive performance and could usefully complement other strategies for managing cotton aphids on greenhouse cucumber.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Topical Beauveria bassiana caused complete aphid adult mortality after seven days with either formulation.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Topical application of 0.03 ml of solution per cm2e0
- Interactor
- A. gossypii
Aphis gossypiie0pest - Outcome
- mortality to A. gossypii adultse0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topical application of 0.03 ml of solution per cm2, or 1 Ă 103 CFU, caused 100% mortality to A. gossypii adults after seven days, whether Naturalis®-L or the isolate alone was used.”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Beauveria bassiana grew endophytically into cucumber foliage after spraying.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- foliagee0
- Treatment
- sprayed on cucumberse0
- Interactor
- funguse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- grew endophytically into foliagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus grew endophytically into foliage when sprayed on cucumbers at the 2-leaf stage”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated cucumber had higher alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and hydrogen peroxide concentrations than controls at 28 days.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 28 days after inoculatione0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, hydrogen peroxide, and total chlorophyll were higher than in control plants 28 days after inoculation”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated cucumber had higher total chlorophyll than controls at 28 days.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total chlorophyll were higher than in control plants 28 days after inoculation”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde content was unaffected by Beauveria bassiana inoculation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. bassiana
Beauveria bassianae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde content, plant growth, and total yield were unaffected by B. bassiana inoculation.”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth and total yield were unaffected by Beauveria bassiana inoculation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. bassianaBeauveria bassianae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth, and total yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde content, plant growth, and total yield were unaffected by B. bassiana inoculation.”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids feeding on inoculated plants had reduced detoxifying enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B. bassiana-inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- AphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- activities of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aphids fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants for 24 h had reduced activities of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase) compared to controls.”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had reduced digestive enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- Activities of digestive enzymes, (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of digestive enzymes, (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase) were reduced in aphids from inoculated plants”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had higher superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and phenoloxidase activities.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aphids from inoculated plants, which exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidase”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had lower catalase activity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aphids from inoculated plants, which exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidase, but lower catalase activity.”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had lower lipid, protein and glycogen reserves.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- Energy reserves (lipids, protein, and glycogen)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Energy reserves (lipids, protein, and glycogen) were lower in aphids from inoculated plants”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had reduced fecundity, longevity and reproductive periods.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periodse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they exhibited reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods”
t0“cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids from inoculated plants had a 50% reduction in pirimicarb LC50.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- LC50 of pirimicarbe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 50% reduction in the LC50 of pirimicarb”
t0“cucumber plants”
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