Abstract
Osmotic stress is a major form of abiotic stress that adversely affects growth and development of plants and subsequently reduces yield and quality of crops. In this study, the effect of nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) on the process of adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under simulated osmotic stress was investigated. The results revealed that the effect of exogenous NO and Ca2+ in promoting the development of adventitious roots in cucumber seedlings under simulated osmotic stress was dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 10 μM NO donor nitroprusside (SNP) or 200 μM Ca2+. The application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists significantly reversed NO-induced adventitious rooting, implying that endogenous Ca2+/ CaM might be involved in NO-induced adventitious rooting under osmotic stress. Moreover, intracellular Ca amount was also increased by NO in cucumber hypocotyls during the development of adventitious roots under osmotic stress. This increase of endogenous Ca2+ was inhibited by NO specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl) -4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO), nitrate reductase inhibitors tungstate (Na2WO4) and sodium azide (NaN3). This gives an indication that Ca2+ might be a downstream signaling molecule in the adventitious root development by NO under osmotic condition. The results also show that NO or Ca2+ play a positive role in improving plant water status and photosynthetic system by increasing chlorophyll content and photochemical activity in leaves. Furthermore, NO and Ca2+ treatment might alleviate the negative effects of osmotic stress by decreasing membrane damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, Ca2+/ CaM may act as a downstream signaling molecule in NO-induced development of adventitious root under simulated osmotic stress through improving the photosynthetic performance of leaves and activating antioxidative system in plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous nitric oxide promoted adventitious roots with a maximal response at 10 μM SNP.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- 10 μM NO donor nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- development of adventitious rootse0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Value
- 10 μMe0
- Qualifier
- simulated osmotic stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous NO and Ca2+ in promoting the development of adventitious roots in cucumber seedlings under simulated osmotic stress was dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 10 μM NO donor nitroprusside (SNP) or 200 μM Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium promoted adventitious roots with a maximal response at 200 μM calcium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- 200 μM Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- development of adventitious rootse0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Value
- 200 μMe0
- Qualifier
- simulated osmotic stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous NO and Ca2+ in promoting the development of adventitious roots in cucumber seedlings under simulated osmotic stress was dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 10 μM NO donor nitroprusside (SNP) or 200 μM Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chelators and channel inhibitors significantly reversed nitric-oxide-induced rooting.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- NO-induced adventitious rootinge0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists significantly reversed NO-induced adventitious rooting”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Calmodulin antagonists significantly reversed nitric-oxide-induced rooting.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- calmodulin (CaM) antagonistse0
- Outcome
- NO-induced adventitious rootinge0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists significantly reversed NO-induced adventitious rooting”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide increased intracellular calcium in cucumber hypocotyls during rooting under osmotic stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotylse0
- Treatment
- NOe0
- Outcome
- intracellular Ca amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intracellular Ca amount was also increased by NO in cucumber hypocotyls during the development of adventitious roots under osmotic stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The NO scavenger cPTIO inhibited the increase in endogenous calcium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- NO specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl) -4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO)e0
- Outcome
- increase of endogenous Ca2+e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase of endogenous Ca2+ was inhibited by NO specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl) -4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO)”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reductase inhibitors inhibited the increase in endogenous calcium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitrate reductase inhibitors tungstate (Na2WO4) and sodium azide (NaN3)e0
- Outcome
- increase of endogenous Ca2+e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase of endogenous Ca2+ was inhibited by NO specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl) -4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO), nitrate reductase inhibitors tungstate (Na2WO4) and sodium azide (NaN3)”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and calcium increased leaf chlorophyll content and photochemical activity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- NO or Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and photochemical activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO or Ca2+ play a positive role in improving plant water status and photosynthetic system by increasing chlorophyll content and photochemical activity in leaves”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and calcium improved plant water status.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- NO or Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- plant water statuse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO or Ca2+ play a positive role in improving plant water status and photosynthetic system”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and calcium decreased membrane damage and reactive oxygen species production.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- NO and Ca2+ treatmente0
- Outcome
- membrane damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) productione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO and Ca2+ treatment might alleviate the negative effects of osmotic stress by decreasing membrane damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide and calcium enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- NO and Ca2+ treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO and Ca2+ treatment might alleviate the negative effects of osmotic stress by decreasing membrane damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
t0“Cucumber”
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See all 7 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.