Abstract
The present field experiment was conducted in both dry season (DS) and wet season (WS) from 2014–2015 to evaluate the influence of different potassium (K) management options (graded doses of inorganic K fertilizer alone and combined with foliar and straw incorporation) on the rice yield, nutrient uptake, and soil K balance under puddled, transplanted rice in acidic soil. The results showed that rice yields were higher under WS as compared to the DS crop. Among treatments, K40 + Kspray, i.e., the combination of inorganic K fertilizer (40 kg K2O ha−1) along with a foliar spray of K (1% KNO3) at the panicle initiation stage, produced the highest grain yield in both seasons; however, it was on par with treatments K80, i.e., the highest dose of inorganic K fertilizer (80 kg K2O ha−1) alone, and K30 + Kstraw i.e., integrated use of inorganic K fertilizer (30 kg K2O ha−1) and straw (3 t ha−1, 45 kg K2O ha−1). Application of 80 kg K2O ha−1 through inorganic fertilizer alone had the maximum K uptake at the harvest stage in both seasons. DS rice had a higher K/N and K/P ratio than the WS. The treatments applied with inorganic K fertilizers, either soil or foliar applications, had negative K balance in both seasons; however, treatments applied with organic sources of K, i.e., rice straw alone or integrated with inorganic K fertilizers, had positive K balances in the soil. Therefore, this study shows that the integrated use of inorganic K fertilizer and 3 t ha−1 rice straw (K30 + Kstraw) can be a recommended option for a better K management strategy for crop yields and soil sustainability in acid soils. However, in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) estimation, incremental doses of soil-applied K fertilizer along with straw aggravate the GHGs emission in the rice–rice cropping system, and among all treatments, K40 + Kspray is the promising treatment which requires intensive investigation for drawing an overall conclusion.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield was higher in the wet season than in the dry season.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice yields were higher under WS as compared to the DS crop”
Claim · model-written summary
K40 + Kspray produced the highest grain yield in both seasons.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- K40 + Kspraye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K40 + Kspray, i.e., the combination of inorganic K fertilizer (40 kg K2O ha−1) along with a foliar spray of K (1% KNO3) at the panicle initiation stage, produced the highest grain yield in both seasons”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield with K40 + Kspray was on par with K80.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was on par with treatments K80, i.e., the highest dose of inorganic K fertilizer (80 kg K2O ha−1) alone”
e1“K40 + Kspray, i.e., the combination of inorganic K fertilizer (40 kg K2O ha−1) along with a foliar spray of K (1% KNO3) at the panicle initiation stage, produced the highest grain yield in both seasons”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield with K40 + Kspray was on par with K30 + Kstraw.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K40 + Kspraye1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- on pare0
- Comparator
- K30 + Kstrawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was on par with treatments K80, i.e., the highest dose of inorganic K fertilizer (80 kg K2O ha−1) alone, and K30 + Kstraw i.e., integrated use of inorganic K fertilizer (30 kg K2O ha−1) and straw (3 t ha−1, 45 kg K2O ha−1)”
e1“K40 + Kspray, i.e., the combination of inorganic K fertilizer (40 kg K2O ha−1) along with a foliar spray of K (1% KNO3) at the panicle initiation stage, produced the highest grain yield in both seasons”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 80 kg K2O ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer gave the maximum potassium uptake at harvest in both seasons.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- harvest stagee0
- Treatment
- 80 kg K2O ha−1 through inorganic fertilizer alonee0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 80 kg K2O ha−1 through inorganic fertilizer alone had the maximum K uptake at the harvest stage in both seasons”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry season rice had a higher K/N ratio than wet season rice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DS rice had a higher K/N and K/P ratio than the WS”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry season rice had a higher K/P ratio than wet season rice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DS rice had a higher K/N and K/P ratio than the WS”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic potassium fertilizer treatments had negative soil potassium balances in both seasons.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- inorganic K fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- K balancee0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments applied with inorganic K fertilizers, either soil or foliar applications, had negative K balance in both seasons”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw alone gave a positive soil potassium balance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice straw alonee0
- Outcome
- K balances in the soile0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments applied with organic sources of K, i.e., rice straw alone or integrated with inorganic K fertilizers, had positive K balances in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw integrated with inorganic fertilizer gave a positive soil potassium balance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- integrated with inorganic K fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- K balances in the soile0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments applied with organic sources of K, i.e., rice straw alone or integrated with inorganic K fertilizers, had positive K balances in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend K30 + Kstraw for yield and soil sustainability in acid soils.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K30 + Kstrawe0
- Outcome
- a better K management strategy for crop yields and soil sustainabilitye0
- Setting
- acid soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrated use of inorganic K fertilizer and 3 t ha−1 rice straw (K30 + Kstraw) can be a recommended option for a better K management strategy for crop yields and soil sustainability in acid soils”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil applied potassium fertilizer doses with straw aggravated greenhouse gas emissions in the rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- incremental doses of soil-applied K fertilizer along with strawe0
- Outcome
- GHGs emissione0
- Direction
- aggravatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) estimation, incremental doses of soil-applied K fertilizer along with straw aggravate the GHGs emission in the rice–rice cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify K40 + Kspray as promising, pending intensive investigation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- K40 + Kspray is the promising treatment which requires intensive investigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among all treatments, K40 + Kspray is the promising treatment which requires intensive investigation for drawing an overall conclusion”
t0“Rice”
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