Abstract
Over years of intensive cultivation and imbalanced fertilizer use, the soils of the Indian subcontinent have become deficient in several nutrients and are impoverished in organic matter. Recently, this region has started emphasizing a shift from inorganic to organic farming to manage soil health. However, owing to the steadily increasing demands for food by the overgrowing populations of this region, a complete shift to an organic farming system is not possible. The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is in crisis because of falling or static yields. The nations of this region have already recognized this problem and have modified farming systems toward integrated nutrient management (INM) practices. The INM concept aims to design farming systems to ensure sustainability by improving soil health, while securing food for the population by improving crop productivity. Therefore, this paper was synthesized to quantify the impact and role of INM in improving crop productivity and sustainability of the RWCS in the context of the Indian subcontinent through meta-analysis using 338 paired data during the period of 1989–2016. The meta-analysis of the whole data for rice and wheat showed a positive increase in the grain yield of both crops with the use of INM over inorganic fertilizers only (IORA), organic fertilizers only (ORA), and control (no fertilizers; CO) treatments. The increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 for rice in INM over ORA and CO treatments. For wheat, the increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 in INM over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments. The yield differences in the INM treatment over IORA were 0.05 and 0.13 Mg ha−1, respectively, in rice and wheat crops. The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments were 2.52, 29.2, and 90.9, respectively, in loamy soil and 0.60, 24.9, and 93.7, respectively, in clayey soil. The net returns increased by 121% (INM vs. CO) in rice, and 9.34% (INM vs. IORA) and 127% (INM vs. CO) in wheat crop. Use of integrated nutrient management had a positive effect on soil properties as compared to other nutrient management options. Overall, the yield gain and maintenance of soil health due to INM practices over other nutrient management practices in RWCS can be a viable nutrient management option in the Indian subcontinent.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management increased rice grain yield over organic fertilizer alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“The increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 for rice in INM over ORA and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management increased rice grain yield over no fertilizer control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“The increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 for rice in INM over ORA and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management increased rice grain yield over inorganic fertilizer alone by 0.05 Mg ha−1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.05e0
- Comparator
- IORAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield differences in the INM treatment over IORA were 0.05 and 0.13 Mg ha−1, respectively, in rice and wheat crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management significantly increased wheat grain yield over inorganic fertilizer alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, the increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 in INM over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management significantly increased wheat grain yield over organic fertilizer alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, the increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 in INM over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management significantly increased wheat grain yield over no fertilizer control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For wheat, the increase in grain yield was significant at p < 0.05 in INM over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over inorganic fertilizer alone by 2.52% in loamy soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- yield increasese1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 2.52e1
- Comparator
- IORAe1
- Setting
- loamy soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments were 2.52, 29.2, and 90.9, respectively, in loamy soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over organic fertilizer alone by 29.2% in loamy soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- yield increasese1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 29.2e1
- Comparator
- ORAe1
- Setting
- loamy soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments were 2.52, 29.2, and 90.9, respectively, in loamy soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over no fertilizer control by 90.9% in loamy soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe1
- Outcome
- yield increasese1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 90.9e1
- Comparator
- COe1
- Setting
- loamy soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments were 2.52, 29.2, and 90.9, respectively, in loamy soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over inorganic fertilizer alone by 0.60% in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe2
- Outcome
- yield increasese2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 0.60e1
- Comparator
- IORAe2
- Setting
- clayey soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“0.60, 24.9, and 93.7, respectively, in clayey soil”
e2“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over organic fertilizer alone by 24.9% in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe2
- Outcome
- yield increasese2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 24.9e1
- Comparator
- ORAe2
- Setting
- clayey soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“0.60, 24.9, and 93.7, respectively, in clayey soil”
e2“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised grain yield over no fertilizer control by 93.7% in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- rice and wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe2
- Outcome
- yield increasese2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 93.7e1
- Comparator
- COe2
- Setting
- clayey soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whole data for rice and wheat”
e1“0.60, 24.9, and 93.7, respectively, in clayey soil”
e2“The percent yield increases in INM treatment over IORA, ORA, and CO treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised rice net returns by 121% over control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 121%e0
- Comparator
- COe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns increased by 121% (INM vs. CO) in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised wheat net returns by 9.34% over inorganic fertilizer alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.34%e0
- Comparator
- IORAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns increased by 121% (INM vs. CO) in rice, and 9.34% (INM vs. IORA) and 127% (INM vs. CO) in wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management raised wheat net returns by 127% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 127%e0
- Comparator
- COe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns increased by 121% (INM vs. CO) in rice, and 9.34% (INM vs. IORA) and 127% (INM vs. CO) in wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated nutrient management improved soil properties relative to other nutrient management options in the rice–wheat system.
- Taxon
- Rice–WheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- integrated nutrient managemente0
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Comparator
- other nutrient management optionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“Use of integrated nutrient management had a positive effect on soil properties as compared to other nutrient management options”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider integrated nutrient management a viable option for rice–wheat cropping in the Indian subcontinent.
- Taxon
- Rice–WheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- viable nutrient management optione0
- Setting
- Indian subcontinente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice–Wheat Cropping System”
e0“INM practices over other nutrient management practices in RWCS can be a viable nutrient management option in the Indian subcontinent”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.