Abstract
Exposure of vegetable seedlings to lowered temperature affects their growth and the content of certain chemical constituents. Chilling activates defensive mechanisms against stress and leads to acclimatization which increases plant ability to withstand harsh field conditions. Thus, seedlings subjected to low-temperature treatment had altered metabolic pathways, and these changes can persist until harvest. We therefore assessed: (i) the direct response of broccoli seedlings to 1 week or 2 weeks at lowered temperatures (6 °C, 10 °C, 14 °C, and 18 °C—control); and (ii) the long-term effects of the latter treatments on phytochemical components level in mature heads of broccoli cultivated in the field. Chilling stress decreased seedling shoot and root fresh and dry weights, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf perimeter, and leaf width. The most spectacular reductions in these parameters were observed at 6 °C and 10 °C. Longer exposure to lowered temperature resulted in greater reduction in the values of morphological traits. Chilling led to reduction in L-ascorbic acid content in broccoli seedlings, while a 6 °C temperature caused an increase in soluble sugars. The highest content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid were observed in the heads of plants exposed to 14 °C; however, the content of dry weight (at 10 °C) and L-ascorbic acid (at 6 °C and 10 °C) also increased in broccoli heads in comparison with the control. Longer chilling (for 2 weeks) generally increased the content of these constituents in mature broccoli. Lower temperature (6–14 °C) applied at seedling stage increased P and Zn contents in broccoli heads in comparison to the control, whereas plants treated with 10 °C had more K, Fe, and, together with 6 °C treatment, Cu. The lowest temperature applied to the seedlings (6 °C) caused an increase in Mn content, while no effects of seedling chilling was noted for Ca levels. Significant linear correlations were noted and regression models were developed for the content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid in the broccoli heads based on the chosen seedling parameters. The results show that the effect of lowered temperature to which the seedlings were subjected persists also in the further stages of plant ontogenesis, causing permanent changes in the chemical composition of mature broccoli heads.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced broccoli seedling shoot and root mass and leaf and plant size traits.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- Chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- seedling shoot and root fresh and dry weights, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf perimeter, and leaf widthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling stress decreased seedling shoot and root fresh and dry weights, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf perimeter, and leaf width.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The largest seedling growth reductions occurred at 6 °C and 10 °C.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 6 °C and 10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- reductions in these parameterse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most spectacular reductions in these parameters were observed at 6 °C and 10 °C.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer chilling exposure caused larger reductions in seedling morphology traits.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- Longer exposure to lowered temperaturee0
- Outcome
- values of morphological traitse0
- Direction
- greater reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Longer exposure to lowered temperature resulted in greater reduction in the values of morphological traits.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling reduced seedling L-ascorbic acid content.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- Chillinge0
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling led to reduction in L-ascorbic acid content in broccoli seedlings, while a 6 °C temperature caused an increase in soluble sugars.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 6 °C treatment increased soluble sugars in broccoli seedlings.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- 6 °C temperaturee0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chilling led to reduction in L-ascorbic acid content in broccoli seedlings, while a 6 °C temperature caused an increase in soluble sugars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heads from seedlings exposed to 14 °C had the highest dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid content.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- headse0
- Treatment
- 14 °Ce0
- Outcome
- content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid were observed in the heads of plants exposed to 14 °C”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10 °C seedling treatment increased broccoli head dry weight relative to control.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- broccoli headse0
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- content of dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of dry weight (at 10 °C) and L-ascorbic acid (at 6 °C and 10 °C) also increased in broccoli heads in comparison with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 6 °C seedling treatment increased broccoli head L-ascorbic acid relative to control.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- broccoli headse0
- Treatment
- 6 °Ce0
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L-ascorbic acid (at 6 °C and 10 °C) also increased in broccoli heads in comparison with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10 °C seedling treatment increased broccoli head L-ascorbic acid relative to control.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- broccoli headse0
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L-ascorbic acid (at 6 °C and 10 °C) also increased in broccoli heads in comparison with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two weeks of chilling generally increased the measured constituents of mature broccoli.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- mature broccolie0
- Treatment
- Longer chilling (for 2 weeks)e0
- Outcome
- content of these constituentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Longer chilling (for 2 weeks) generally increased the content of these constituents in mature broccoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling chilling at 6–14 °C increased P and Zn contents in broccoli heads relative to control.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- broccoli headse0
- Treatment
- Lower temperature (6–14 °C)e0
- Outcome
- P and Zn contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower temperature (6–14 °C) applied at seedling stage increased P and Zn contents in broccoli heads in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10 °C seedling treatment increased K and Fe in broccoli heads.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- K, Fee0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with 10 °C had more K, Fe, and, together with 6 °C treatment, Cu.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10 °C seedling treatment increased Cu in broccoli heads.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 10 °Ce0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with 10 °C had more K, Fe, and, together with 6 °C treatment, Cu.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
A 6 °C seedling treatment increased Cu in broccoli heads.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 6 °C treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with 10 °C had more K, Fe, and, together with 6 °C treatment, Cu.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
A 6 °C seedling treatment increased Mn content.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 6 °Ce0
- Outcome
- Mn contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest temperature applied to the seedlings (6 °C) caused an increase in Mn content”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling chilling showed no effect on Ca levels.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- seedling chillinge0
- Outcome
- Ca levelse0
- Direction
- no effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no effects of seedling chilling was noted for Ca levels.”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling parameters correlated significantly and linearly with broccoli head dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- broccoli headse0
- Outcome
- content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acide0
- Qualifier
- chosen seedling parameterse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant linear correlations were noted and regression models were developed for the content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid in the broccoli heads based on the chosen seedling parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
Regression models were developed to predict broccoli head constituents from seedling parameters.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Outcome
- content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acide0
- Comparator
- chosen seedling parameterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regression models were developed for the content of dry weight, soluble sugars, and L-ascorbic acid in the broccoli heads based on the chosen seedling parameters.”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: metabolites · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
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- no effect
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2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.