Abstract
Among the Brassica oleracea L. crops, kale has gained increased global recognition in recent years as a healthy food item due to its high nutritional value and versatility. Additionally, the diversity of different kale varieties has started to be explored across large latitudes from the Mediterranean to north temperate climates. Specifically, glucosinolates are the predominant phytochemicals found in kale leaves, contributing to the specific taste of this vegetable, and they are affected by environmental factors such as temperature. To date, no study has investigated the effect of chilling on glucosinolate diversity and, thus, the taste in genetically different kale cultivars at the same time. Given the variability of glucosinolates observed among cultivars, we evaluated the impact of acclimation to cold temperatures on glucosinolate levels in curly kale, Lacinato kale, and a feral type using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS). We targeted the short-term impact (after 12 h) on glucosinolates as well as the longer-term effect (after seven days) of cold acclimation. Our results revealed different molecular patterns regarding the change in glucosinolates in the feral type compared to curly kale and Lacinato-type kale. In the latter ones, primary aliphatic glucosinolates were induced (the glucoraphanin in Lacinato kale increased by more than 200%). The indole glucobrassicin was not significantly affected. Conversely, in the feral type the indole glucobrassicin was reduced by 35% after cold acclimation, whereas aliphatic glucosinolates were hardly affected. The results indicate that both genetic and environmental factors are important for the composition of glucosinolate patterns in kale. In conclusion, to obtain plants with an improved nutritional value, considering both temperature and the choice of cultivar is crucial during kale cultivation. Future breeding attempts of kale should also emphasize the cultivar-dependent cold acclimation patterns reported here.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation changed glucosinolate patterns differently in feral, curly and Lacinato kale.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Outcome
- different molecular patterns regarding the change in glucosinolatese0
- Comparator
- feral type compared to curly kale and Lacinato-type kalee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed different molecular patterns regarding the change in glucosinolates in the feral type compared to curly kale and Lacinato-type kale.”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary aliphatic glucosinolates were induced in curly and Lacinato kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- cold temperaturest1
- Outcome
- primary aliphatic glucosinolatese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the latter ones, primary aliphatic glucosinolates were induced”
t0“kale”
t1“cold temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucoraphanin in Lacinato kale increased by over 200%.
- Taxon
- Lacinato kalee0
- Treatment
- cold temperaturest0
- Outcome
- glucoraphanine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 200%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the glucoraphanin in Lacinato kale increased by more than 200%”
t0“cold temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation did not significantly affect indole glucobrassicin in curly and Lacinato kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- cold temperaturest1
- Outcome
- indole glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indole glucobrassicin was not significantly affected.”
t0“kale”
t1“cold temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation reduced indole glucobrassicin in feral kale by 35%.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Material
- feral typee0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- indole glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the feral type the indole glucobrassicin was reduced by 35% after cold acclimation”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation barely affected aliphatic glucosinolates in feral kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- cold temperaturest1
- Outcome
- aliphatic glucosinolatese0
- Direction
- hardly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas aliphatic glucosinolates were hardly affected.”
t0“kale”
t1“cold temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend considering temperature and cultivar choice to improve nutritional value.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Outcome
- considering both temperature and the choice of cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to obtain plants with an improved nutritional value, considering both temperature and the choice of cultivar is crucial during kale cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend attention to cultivar-dependent cold acclimation patterns in breeding.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Outcome
- emphasize the cultivar-dependent cold acclimation patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Future breeding attempts of kale should also emphasize the cultivar-dependent cold acclimation patterns reported here.”
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