Abstract
The menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) is hydrophilic and has been suggested a defensive molecule against different biotic and abiotic stresses. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly mobile element and even its minute amount causes toxicity in different organisms including plants. This experiment was conducted to elucidate whether seed priming with MSB could induce Cd tolerance in summer squash. The seed were primed with 0, 10 and 20 mM MSB and sown in pots filled with clean and dried sand saturated with Hoagland’s nutrients solution supplemented with different Cd concentrations (0 and 0.1 mM). The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield while increased oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and secondary metabolites (total phenolics and flavonoids). The Cd stress increased root and shoot Fe (4−18%, respectively) and Ca2+ (24−93%, respectively) concentration while decreased root and shoot Mg2+ concentration (31−39%, respectively). The summer squash transported Cd to shoot and compartmentalized it in the cells to avoid Cd toxicity. However, the plants raised from seed primed with MSB had higher contents of photosynthetic pigments (17−23% total Chl), secondary metabolites and osmoprotectants when grown under Cd stress. Further, MSB-priming attenuated the toxicity of Cd on nutrients acquisition and increased growth and yield in the summer squash. The MSB-priming reduced Cd uptake (84%) and also altered Cd compartmentalization at sub-cellular level, and mediated its accumulation in the cell wall and soluble fraction (vacuole) rather than in the chloroplasts and cell membranes. Overall, MSB-priming (10 mM) was much more effective and increased growth and yield of summer squash under Cd stress. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced summer squash growth.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced soluble sugars, free amino acids and soluble proteins.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increased oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and secondary metabolites (total phenolics and flavonoids)”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
e1“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased total phenolics and flavonoids.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increased oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and secondary metabolites (total phenolics and flavonoids)”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
e1“The Cd stress reduced growth and contents of chlorophyll (Chl), osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, free amino acids, soluble proteins) and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased root and shoot Fe concentration by 4−18%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress increased root and shoot Fe (4−18%, respectively) and Ca2+ (24−93%, respectively) concentration while decreased root and shoot Mg2+ concentration (31−39%, respectively)”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased root and shoot Ca2+ concentration by 24−93%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress increased root and shoot Fe (4−18%, respectively) and Ca2+ (24−93%, respectively) concentration while decreased root and shoot Mg2+ concentration (31−39%, respectively)”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased root and shoot Mg2+ concentration by 31−39%.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- root and shoot Mg2+ concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 31−39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cd stress increased root and shoot Fe (4−18%, respectively) and Ca2+ (24−93%, respectively) concentration while decreased root and shoot Mg2+ concentration (31−39%, respectively)”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer squash transported cadmium to shoots and compartmentalized it in cells.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The summer squash transported Cd to shoot and compartmentalized it in the cells to avoid Cd toxicity”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium stress, MSB priming increased total chlorophyll by 17−23%.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- seed primed with MSBe0
- Outcome
- total Chle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17−23%e0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“plants raised from seed primed with MSB had higher contents of photosynthetic pigments (17−23% total Chl), secondary metabolites and osmoprotectants when grown under Cd stress”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium stress, MSB priming increased secondary metabolites and osmoprotectants.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- seed primed with MSBe0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites and osmoprotectantse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“plants raised from seed primed with MSB had higher contents of photosynthetic pigments (17−23% total Chl), secondary metabolites and osmoprotectants when grown under Cd stress”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
MSB priming attenuated cadmium toxicity on nutrient acquisition.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- MSB-priminge0
- Outcome
- toxicity of Cd on nutrients acquisitione0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MSB-priming attenuated the toxicity of Cd on nutrients acquisition and increased growth and yield in the summer squash”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
MSB priming increased summer squash growth under cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MSB-priming attenuated the toxicity of Cd on nutrients acquisition and increased growth and yield in the summer squash”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
MSB priming increased summer squash yield under cadmium stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MSB-priming attenuated the toxicity of Cd on nutrients acquisition and increased growth and yield in the summer squash”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
MSB priming reduced cadmium uptake by 84%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The MSB-priming reduced Cd uptake (84%) and also altered Cd compartmentalization at sub-cellular level, and mediated its accumulation in the cell wall and soluble fraction (vacuole) rather than in the chloroplasts and cell membranes”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
MSB priming altered cadmium compartmentalization toward the cell wall and vacuole.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- MSB-priminge0
- Outcome
- accumulation in the cell wall and soluble fraction (vacuole)e0
- Comparator
- chloroplasts and cell membranese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The MSB-priming reduced Cd uptake (84%) and also altered Cd compartmentalization at sub-cellular level, and mediated its accumulation in the cell wall and soluble fraction (vacuole) rather than in the chloroplasts and cell membranes”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with 10 mM MSB was more effective and increased summer squash growth and yield under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Summer Squasht0
- Treatment
- MSB-priming (10 mM)e0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MSB-priming (10 mM) was much more effective and increased growth and yield of summer squash under Cd stress”
t0“Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · yield · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
cadmium atom · growth · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: osmolytes · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · molecular: metabolites · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
seed treatment · quality: phytochemicals · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · yield · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
heavy metal · physiology: oxidative · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.