Abstract
Exogenous application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to plant surfaces has emerged as a promising method for regulation of essential genes in plant pathogens and for plant disease protection. Yet, regulation of plant endogenous genes via external RNA treatments has not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we targeted the genes of chalcone synthase (CHS), the key enzyme in the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and two transcriptional factors, MYBL2 and ANAC032, negatively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs resulted in an efficient downregulation of the AtCHS gene and suppressed anthocyanin accumulation in A. thaliana under anthocyanin biosynthesis-modulating conditions. Targeting the AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032 genes by foliar dsRNA treatments markedly reduced their mRNA levels and led to a pronounced upregulation of the AtCHS gene. The content of anthocyanins was increased after treatment with AtMYBL2-dsRNA. Laser scanning microscopy showed a passage of Cy3-labeled AtCHS-dsRNA into the A. thaliana leaf vessels, leaf parenchyma cells, and stomata, indicating the dsRNA uptake and spreading into leaf tissues and plant individual cells. Together, these data show that exogenous dsRNAs were capable of downregulating Arabidopsis genes and induced relevant biochemical changes, which may have applications in plant biotechnology and gene functional studies.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs efficiently downregulated the AtCHS gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAse1
- Gene
- AtCHSe1
- Outcome
- AtCHS genee1
- Direction
- downregulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs resulted in an efficient downregulation of the AtCHS gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs suppressed anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana under anthocyanin biosynthesis-modulating conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAse1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione2
- Direction
- suppressede2
- Qualifier
- under anthocyanin biosynthesis-modulating conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Direct foliar application of AtCHS-specific dsRNAs and siRNAs resulted in an efficient downregulation of the AtCHS gene”
e2“suppressed anthocyanin accumulation in A. thaliana under anthocyanin biosynthesis-modulating conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar dsRNA targeting AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032 markedly reduced their mRNA levels in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- foliar dsRNA treatmentse3
- Gene
- AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032e3
- Outcome
- mRNA levelse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“Targeting the AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032 genes by foliar dsRNA treatments markedly reduced their mRNA levels and led to a pronounced upregulation of the AtCHS gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar dsRNA targeting AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032 led to a pronounced upregulation of the AtCHS gene in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- foliar dsRNA treatmentse3
- Gene
- AtCHSe3
- Outcome
- AtCHS genee3
- Direction
- upregulatione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“Targeting the AtMYBL2 and AtANAC032 genes by foliar dsRNA treatments markedly reduced their mRNA levels and led to a pronounced upregulation of the AtCHS gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content in Arabidopsis thaliana was increased after treatment with AtMYBL2-dsRNA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- AtMYBL2-dsRNAe4
- Outcome
- content of anthocyaninse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e4“The content of anthocyanins was increased after treatment with AtMYBL2-dsRNA”
Claim · model-written summary
Laser scanning microscopy showed Cy3-labeled AtCHS-dsRNA passing into Arabidopsis thaliana leaf vessels, parenchyma cells and stomata, indicating dsRNA uptake and spreading into leaf tissues.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- leaf vessels, leaf parenchyma cells, and stomatae5
- Treatment
- Cy3-labeled AtCHS-dsRNAe5
- Outcome
- dsRNA uptake and spreading into leaf tissuese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“Laser scanning microscopy showed a passage of Cy3-labeled AtCHS-dsRNA into the A. thaliana leaf vessels, leaf parenchyma cells, and stomata”
e6“indicating the dsRNA uptake and spreading into leaf tissues and plant individual cells”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.