Abstract
Polysaccharides from marine algae are one novel source of plant defense elicitors for alternative and eco-friendly plant protection against phytopathogens. The effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Porphyridium sordidum on elicitation of Arabidopsis thaliana defense responses against Fusarium oxysporum was evaluated. Firstly, in order to enhance EPS production, a Box–Behnken experimental design was carried out to optimize NaCl, NaNO3 and MgSO4 concentrations in the culture medium of microalgae. A maximum EPS production (2.45 g/L) higher than that of the control (0.7 g/L) was observed for 41.62 g/L NaCl, 0.63 g/L NaNO3 and 7.2 g/L MgSO4 concentrations. Structurally, the EPS contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucose. Secondly, the elicitor effect of EPS was evaluated by investigating the plant defense-related signaling pathways that include activation of Salicylic or Jasmonic Acid-dependent pathway genes. A solution of 2 mg/mL of EPS has led to the control of fungal growth by the plant. Results showed that EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation. Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced. Results suggest that EPS may induce the elicitation of A. thaliana’s defense response against F. oxysporum, activating the Salicylic Acid pathway.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Optimised culture conditions raised EPS production of Porphyridium sordidum to 2.45 g/L, higher than the control (0.7 g/L).
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Material
- Porphyridium sordidumt0
- Treatment
- 41.62 g/L NaCl, 0.63 g/L NaNO3 and 7.2 g/L MgSO4e1
- Outcome
- EPS productione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2.45 g/Le1
- Comparator
- control (0.7 g/L)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e1“A maximum EPS production (2.45 g/L) higher than that of the control (0.7 g/L) was observed for 41.62 g/L NaCl, 0.63 g/L NaNO3 and 7.2 g/L MgSO4 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The exopolysaccharides of Porphyridium sordidum contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucose.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- Porphyridium sordidumt0
- Outcome
- EPSe2
- Qualifier
- contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucosee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e2“Structurally, the EPS contained mainly galactose, xylose and glucose”
Claim · model-written summary
A 2 mg/mL EPS solution led to control of Fusarium oxysporum fungal growth on Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- A solution of 2 mg/mL of EPSe3
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporumt0pathogen - Outcome
- control of fungal growthe3
- Direction
- led to the control ofe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e3“A solution of 2 mg/mL of EPS has led to the control of fungal growth by the plant”
Claim · model-written summary
EPS foliar application induced phenylalanine ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- EPS foliar applicatione4
- Outcome
- phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulatione4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e4“EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
EPS foliar application up-regulated the defense genes SOD, POD and PR-1 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- EPS foliar applicatione4
- Gene
- Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1)e5
- Outcome
- defense-related genese5
- Direction
- up-regulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e4“EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation”
e5“Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced”
Claim · model-written summary
EPS foliar application up-regulated Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- EPS foliar applicatione4
- Gene
- Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP)e5
- Outcome
- defense-related genese5
- Direction
- up-regulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e4“EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation”
e5“Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced”
Claim · model-written summary
EPS foliar application did not induce catalase or plant defensin 1.2 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- EPS foliar applicatione4
- Gene
- Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2)e5
- Outcome
- defense-related genese5
- Direction
- were not inducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e4“EPS foliar application induced phenylalaline ammonia lyase and H2O2 accumulation”
e5“Expression profile analysis of the defense-related genes using qRT-PCR revealed the up-regulation of Superoxide dismutases (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) and Cytochrome P450 monooxyge-nase (CYP), while Catalase (CAT) and Plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) were not induced”
Claim · model-written summary
EPS may induce Arabidopsis defense against Fusarium oxysporum by activating the salicylic acid pathway.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- defense response against F. oxysporume6
- Qualifier
- activating the Salicylic Acid pathwaye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimization of Exopolysaccharides Production by Porphyridium sordidum and Their Potential to Induce Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana against Fusarium oxysporum”
e6“Results suggest that EPS may induce the elicitation of A. thaliana’s defense response against F. oxysporum, activating the Salicylic Acid pathway”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.