Abstract
BACKGROUND: Raising nitrogen use efficiency of crops by improving root system architecture is highly essential not only to reduce costs of agricultural production but also to mitigate climate change. The physiological mechanisms of how biochar affects nitrogen assimilation by crop seedlings have not been well elucidated. RESULTS: Here, we report changes in root system architecture, activities of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, and cytokinin (CTK) at the seedling stage of cotton with reduced urea usage and biochar application at different soil layers (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased significantly when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer. Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layer. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT) increased significantly as well. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots. In addition, AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2 were significantly up-regulated in the very fine roots when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied. CONCLUSION: Nitrogen assimilation efficiency was significantly affected when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer at the seedling stage of cotton. The co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in the fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The synergistic expression of the ammonium transporter gene and gdh3 suggests that biochar may be beneficial to amino acid metabolism.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing urea by 25% with surface biochar significantly increased active root absorption area, fresh weight and nitrogen agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layere0
- Outcome
- Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased significantly when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
GOGAT activity was closely related to urea/biochar application depth.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- application depth of urea/biochare0
- Gene
- GOGATe0
- Outcome
- Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layer.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Application in the 0-10 cm layer increased GOGAT activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layere0
- Gene
- GOGATe0
- Outcome
- Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layer.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
GPT activity increased significantly with the urea/biochar treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layere1
- Gene
- GPTe0
- Outcome
- Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT) increased significantly as well.”
e1“Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0-10 cm layer.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin stimulated nitrate reductase activity in very fine roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- very fine rootse0
- Treatment
- CTKe0
- Gene
- Nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- Nitrate reductase (NR) activitye0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin inhibited nitrate reductase activity in fine roots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Treatment
- CTKe0
- Gene
- Nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- Nitrate reductase (NR) activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
AMT1;1, gdh3 and gdh2 were significantly upregulated in very fine roots with 25% reduced urea and biochar.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- very fine rootse0
- Treatment
- urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was appliede0
- Gene
- AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatede0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2 were significantly up-regulated in the very fine roots when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface biochar with 25% reduced urea significantly affected nitrogen assimilation efficiency in cotton seedlings.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- seedling stagee0
- Treatment
- urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layere0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen assimilation efficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen assimilation efficiency was significantly affected when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer at the seedling stage of cotton.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Gene
- gdh3 and gdh2e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in the fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergistic ammonium transporter and gdh3 expression suggests biochar may benefit amino acid metabolism.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Gene
- ammonium transporter gene and gdh3e0
- Outcome
- amino acid metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- may be beneficiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The synergistic expression of the ammonium transporter gene and gdh3 suggests that biochar may be beneficial to amino acid metabolism.”
t0“cotton”
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