Abstract
This study was conducted to establish a weed management system based on the sequential application of pre-emergence (PRE) and post-emergence (POST) herbicides for soybean production in Primorsky krai. Field experiments were conducted for two years in a field located in Bogatyrka, Primorsky krai, Russia (N43°49′, E131°36′). No herbicide application resulted in significant soybean yield loss, 0.03–0.3 t ha−1, which is more than 91.6% yield loss compared with that of the weed-free plot. The PRE application of acetochlor showed good weed control efficacy (greater than 90% weed control) with acceptable soybean safety (less than 10% soybean damage), while the other PRE herbicides performed poorly in terms of weed control. The POST application of bentazon + acifluorfen, bentazon, and imazamox at 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS) showed good weed control efficacy with good soybean safety. Neither the PRE nor POST application alone showed a sufficient soybean yield protection, resulting in much lower soybean yield than the weed-free plot. The sequential application of acetochlor (PRE), followed by either bentazon + acifluorfen (POST) at 30 DAS in 2012 or bentazon + imazamox (POST) at 60 DAS in 2013 showed the best performance in soybean yields, 1.7 t and 1.9 t ha−1, respectively, provided with 724.5 US$ and 1155.6 US$ ha−1 of economic returns. For alternative PRE herbicides of acetochlor, which is now banned, our tests of the sequential application of S-metolachlor with other POST herbicides and the sole application of other PRE herbicides revealed that S-metolachlor and clomazone could also be considered. Our results thus demonstrate that the sequential applications of PRE and POST herbicides should be incorporated into the weed management system for soybean production in Primorsky krai, Russia.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Without herbicide, soybean yield was 0.03–0.3 t ha−1, over 91.6% lower than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- No herbicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- soybean yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 0.03–0.3 t ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- more than 91.6% yield losse0
- Comparator
- weed-free plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No herbicide application resulted in significant soybean yield loss, 0.03–0.3 t ha−1, which is more than 91.6% yield loss compared with that of the weed-free plot”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE acetochlor achieved greater than 90% weed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- PRE application of acetochlore0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficacye0
- Direction
- goode0
- Value
- greater than 90% weed controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PRE application of acetochlor showed good weed control efficacy (greater than 90% weed control)”
e1“acceptable soybean safety”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE acetochlor caused less than 10% soybean damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- PRE application of acetochlore0
- Outcome
- soybean damagee0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- less than 10% soybean damagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PRE application of acetochlor showed good weed control efficacy (greater than 90% weed control) with acceptable soybean safety (less than 10% soybean damage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other PRE herbicides performed poorly for weed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- other PRE herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- poorlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other PRE herbicides performed poorly in terms of weed control”
e1“soybean yield than the weed-free plot”
Claim · model-written summary
POST bentazon plus acifluorfen at 30 DAS gave good weed control and soybean safety.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bentazon + acifluorfene0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficacy with good soybean safetye0
- Direction
- goode0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POST application of bentazon + acifluorfen, bentazon, and imazamox at 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS) showed good weed control efficacy with good soybean safety”
Claim · model-written summary
POST bentazon at 30 DAS gave good weed control and soybean safety.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bentazone0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficacy with good soybean safetye0
- Direction
- goode0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POST application of bentazon + acifluorfen, bentazon, and imazamox at 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS) showed good weed control efficacy with good soybean safety”
Claim · model-written summary
POST imazamox at 30 DAS gave good weed control and soybean safety.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- imazamoxe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficacy with good soybean safetye0
- Direction
- goode0
- Qualifier
- 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POST application of bentazon + acifluorfen, bentazon, and imazamox at 30 days after soybean sowing (DAS) showed good weed control efficacy with good soybean safety”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE herbicide application alone gave much lower soybean yield than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- PREe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- weed-free plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither the PRE nor POST application alone showed a sufficient soybean yield protection, resulting in much lower soybean yield than the weed-free plot”
Claim · model-written summary
POST herbicide application alone gave much lower soybean yield than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- POSTe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- weed-free plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither the PRE nor POST application alone showed a sufficient soybean yield protection, resulting in much lower soybean yield than the weed-free plot”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential acetochlor then bentazon plus acifluorfen in 2012 produced 1.7 t soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- acetochlor (PRE), followed by either bentazon + acifluorfen (POST) at 30 DAS in 2012e0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 1.7 te0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of acetochlor (PRE), followed by either bentazon + acifluorfen (POST) at 30 DAS in 2012 or bentazon + imazamox (POST) at 60 DAS in 2013 showed the best performance in soybean yields, 1.7 t and 1.9 t ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential acetochlor then bentazon plus imazamox in 2013 produced 1.9 t ha−1 soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bentazon + imazamox (POST) at 60 DAS in 2013e0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 1.9 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of acetochlor (PRE), followed by either bentazon + acifluorfen (POST) at 30 DAS in 2012 or bentazon + imazamox (POST) at 60 DAS in 2013 showed the best performance in soybean yields, 1.7 t and 1.9 t ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2012 sequence returned 724.5 US$.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- 724.5 US$e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“provided with 724.5 US$ and 1155.6 US$ ha−1 of economic returns”
e1“soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2013 sequence returned 1155.6 US$ ha−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- 1155.6 US$ ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“provided with 724.5 US$ and 1155.6 US$ ha−1 of economic returns”
e1“soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor could be considered an alternative PRE herbicide.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- S-metolachlor and clomazone could also be considerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S-metolachlor and clomazone could also be considered”
e1“soybean production in Primorsky krai, Russia”
Claim · model-written summary
Clomazone could be considered an alternative PRE herbicide.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- clomazone could also be considerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S-metolachlor and clomazone could also be considered”
e1“soybean production in Primorsky krai, Russia”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential PRE and POST herbicides should be used for soybean weed management in Primorsky krai.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- sequential applications of PRE and POST herbicides should be incorporated into the weed management systeme0
- Setting
- Primorsky krai, Russiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential applications of PRE and POST herbicides should be incorporated into the weed management system for soybean production in Primorsky krai, Russia”
The same questions in other papers
bentazone · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →acetochlor · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →acifluorfen · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →bentazone · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →imazamox · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →imazamox · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →acifluorfen · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →acetochlor · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.