Abstract
Salinity is one of the devastating abiotic stresses that cause reductions in agricultural production. The increased salinization affects alfalfa growth, metabolism, and rhizobium capacity for symbiotic N2 fixation negatively. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficiency of green compost (C; made from green waste), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M; field-sourced native consortium), and/or rhizobium (R; a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain) individually or in combination as an effective strategy to improve alfalfa productivity under non-saline and high-saline (120 mM NaCl) conditions. In addition, we aimed to understand the agro-physiological and metabolic basis as well as glomalin content in the soil of biofertilizers-induced salt tolerance in alfalfa. Here, we show that mycorrhizal infection was enhanced after MR inoculation, while C application decreased it significantly. Salinity reduced growth, physiological functioning, and protein concentration, but the antioxidant system has been activated. Application of the selected biofertilizers, especially C alone or combined with M and/or R improved alfalfa tolerance. The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity by stimulating plant growth, roots and nodules dry matters, mineral uptake (P, N, and K), antioxidant system, synthesis of compatible solutes, and soil glomalin content, sustaining photosynthesis-related performance and decreasing Na+ and Cl− accumulation, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal infection of alfalfa was enhanced after MR inoculation with native AMF and rhizobium.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- MR inoculatione1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal infectione1
- Direction
- enhancede1
RhizobiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e1“Here, we show that mycorrhizal infection was enhanced after MR inoculation, while C application decreased it significantly”
e2“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M; field-sourced native consortium), and/or rhizobium (R; a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain)”
Claim · model-written summary
Green compost application significantly decreased mycorrhizal infection of alfalfa.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- C applicatione1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal infectione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- significantlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e1“Here, we show that mycorrhizal infection was enhanced after MR inoculation, while C application decreased it significantly”
e2“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M; field-sourced native consortium), and/or rhizobium (R; a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced growth, physiological functioning and protein concentration of alfalfa compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye4
- Outcome
- growth, physiological functioning, and protein concentratione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- non-salinee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e3“under non-saline and high-saline (120 mM NaCl) conditions”
e4“Salinity reduced growth, physiological functioning, and protein concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity activated the antioxidant system of alfalfa compared with non-saline conditions.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye4
- Outcome
- antioxidant systeme5
- Direction
- activatede5
- Comparator
- non-salinee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e3“under non-saline and high-saline (120 mM NaCl) conditions”
e4“Salinity reduced growth, physiological functioning, and protein concentration”
e5“but the antioxidant system has been activated”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of native AMF, rhizobium and green compost, alone or combined, improved alfalfa tolerance.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of the selected biofertilizers, especially C alone or combined with M and/or Re6
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- alfalfa tolerancee6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e2“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M; field-sourced native consortium), and/or rhizobium (R; a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain)”
e6“Application of the selected biofertilizers, especially C alone or combined with M and/or R improved alfalfa tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity on alfalfa.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- negative effects of high salinitye0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR stimulated alfalfa plant growth, root and nodule dry matter under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- plant growth, roots and nodules dry matterse7
- Direction
- stimulatinge7
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e7“by stimulating plant growth, roots and nodules dry matters”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR stimulated mineral uptake (P, N and K) of alfalfa under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- mineral uptakee1
- Direction
- stimulatinge7
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e7“by stimulating plant growth, roots and nodules dry matters”
e1“mineral uptake (P, N, and K)”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR stimulated the antioxidant system, compatible solute synthesis and soil glomalin content under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant system, synthesis of compatible solutes, and soil glomalin contente2
- Direction
- stimulatinge7
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e7“by stimulating plant growth, roots and nodules dry matters”
e2“antioxidant system, synthesis of compatible solutes, and soil glomalin content”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR sustained photosynthesis-related performance of alfalfa under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis-related performancee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e1“sustaining photosynthesis-related performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR decreased Na+ and Cl− accumulation in alfalfa under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cl− accumulatione1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e1“decreasing Na+ and Cl− accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The tri-combination CMR decreased lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content and electrolyte leakage in alfalfa under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Medicago sativaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- The tri-combination CMRe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakagee2
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Comparator
- high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Enhancers”
e0“The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity”
e1“decreasing Na+ and Cl− accumulation”
e2“lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · quality: protein · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →inoculation · disease · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Positive and negative results
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.