Abstract
Many studies have reported the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on plant constitutive defense responses; however, little is known about their effects on plant induced defense patterns and its consequence for insect herbivores. In our experiments, the effects of N availability on growth, nutritional quality (N content, protein/carbohydrate [P:C] ratio, modified gross energy [MGE]), and constitutive phenolics of corn, Zea mays L. were quantified. Moreover, the indirect effects of N fertilization on the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner through larval performance and feeding preference were examined. N fertilization increased plant growth, and depressed defense traits by increasing N content and the P:C ratio, as well as decreasing the constitutive concentration of phenolics. Subsequently, beet armyworm showed higher performance and preferentially fed on high-N corn because of its low defense traits. After beet armyworm feeding, high-N corn significantly deterred larval feeding, and had negative effects on the performance of beet armyworm through decreasing P:C ratio and increasing induced phenolics. On the contrary, there were no significant changes in P:C ratio and phenolics in low-N corn after feeding damage. Larval performance and preference were also not affected by induced compounds in low-N corn, which suggested that the expression of induced defense was dependent on N availability. The result indicates that N availability can exert a variety of bottom-up effect on plant defense patterns to influence insect population dynamics, and thereby may represent a source of variation in plant-insect interactions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased corn growth.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased plant growth”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased corn nitrogen content and protein/carbohydrate ratio.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N content and the P:C ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased plant growth, and depressed defense traits by increasing N content and the P:C ratio”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization decreased constitutive phenolic concentration in corn.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- constitutive concentration of phenolicse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased plant growth, and depressed defense traits by increasing N content and the P:C ratio, as well as decreasing the constitutive concentration of phenolics.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Beet armyworm performance was higher on high-nitrogen corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- high-N corne0
- Interactor
- beet armyworm
Spodoptera exiguae0pest - Outcome
- beet armyworm showed higher performancee0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beet armyworm showed higher performance and preferentially fed on high-N corn because of its low defense traits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Beet armyworm preferentially fed on high-nitrogen corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- high-N corne0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguae0pest
- Outcome
- preferentially fed on high-N corne0
- Direction
- preferentiallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beet armyworm showed higher performance and preferentially fed on high-N corn because of its low defense traits.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-nitrogen corn significantly deterred larval feeding after armyworm feeding.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- high-N corne0
- Treatment
- beet armyworm feedinge0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguae0pest
- Outcome
- larval feedinge0
- Direction
- deterrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After beet armyworm feeding, high-N corn significantly deterred larval feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced defenses in fed high-nitrogen corn reduced beet armyworm performance.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- beet armyworm feedinge0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguae0pest
- Outcome
- performance of beet armyworme0
- Direction
- negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After beet armyworm feeding, high-N corn significantly deterred larval feeding, and had negative effects on the performance of beet armyworm through decreasing P:C ratio and increasing induced phenolics.”
Claim · model-written summary
Armyworm feeding decreased the protein/carbohydrate ratio in high-nitrogen corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- high-N corne0
- Treatment
- beet armyworm feedinge0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguae0pest
- Outcome
- P:C ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After beet armyworm feeding, high-N corn significantly deterred larval feeding, and had negative effects on the performance of beet armyworm through decreasing P:C ratio and increasing induced phenolics.”
Claim · model-written summary
Armyworm feeding increased induced phenolics in high-nitrogen corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- high-N corne0
- Treatment
- beet armyworm feedinge0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguae0pest
- Outcome
- induced phenolicse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After beet armyworm feeding, high-N corn significantly deterred larval feeding, and had negative effects on the performance of beet armyworm through decreasing P:C ratio and increasing induced phenolics.”
Claim · model-written summary
Armyworm feeding did not significantly change P:C ratio or phenolics in low-nitrogen corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- low-N corne0
- Treatment
- feeding damagee0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguat0peste0
- Outcome
- P:C ratio and phenolicse0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no significant changes in P:C ratio and phenolics in low-N corn after feeding damage.”
t0“Beet Armyworm”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced compounds in low-nitrogen corn did not affect larval performance or preference.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- low-N corne0
- Interactor
- beet armywormSpodoptera exiguat0peste0
- Outcome
- Larval performance and preferencee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Larval performance and preference were also not affected by induced compounds in low-N corn”
t0“Beet Armyworm”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that induced-defense expression depended on nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N availabilitye0
- Outcome
- expression of induced defensee0
- Qualifier
- dependent on N availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which suggested that the expression of induced defense was dependent on N availability.”
t0“Corn”
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