Abstract
Plants harbor various beneficial bacteria that modulate their innate immunity, resulting in induced systemic resistance (ISR) against various pathogens. However, the immune mechanisms underlying ISR triggered by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against pathogens with different lifestyles are not yet clearly elucidated. Here, we show that root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 can induce ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000. In the absence of pathogen infection, both beneficial bacteria do not induce any consistent change in systemic immune responses. However, ISR relies on priming faster and robust expression of marker genes for the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways upon pathogen challenge. These responses are also associated with increased levels of SA, JA, and abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves of bacterized plants after infection. The functional study also points at priming of the JA/ET and NPR1-dependent defenses as prioritized immune pathways in ISR induced by both beneficial bacteria against B. cinerea. However, B. subtilis-triggered ISR against Pst DC3000 is dependent on SA, JA/ET, and NPR1 pathways, whereas P. fluorescens-induced ISR requires JA/ET and NPR1 signaling pathways. The use of ABA-insensitive mutants also pointed out the crucial role of ABA signaling, but not ABA concentration, along with JA/ET signaling in primed systemic immunity by beneficial bacteria against Pst DC3000, but not against B. cinerea. These results clearly indicate that ISR is linked to priming plants for enhanced common and distinct immune pathways depending on the beneficial strain and the pathogen lifestyle.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 induced resistance against B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinereae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 can induce ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 induced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis PTA-271e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis PTA-271
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 can induce ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000”
Claim · model-written summary
Beneficial bacteria did not consistently change systemic immune responses without pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- systemic immune responsese0
- Direction
- do not induce any consistent changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“In the absence of pathogen infection, both beneficial bacteria do not induce any consistent change in systemic immune responses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen challenge led to faster and stronger expression of SA, JA and ET marker genes in primed plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- expression of marker genes for the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathwayse0
- Direction
- faster and robuste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“priming faster and robust expression of marker genes for the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways upon pathogen challenge”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected bacterized leaves had increased SA, JA and ABA levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- levels of SA, JA, and abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“increased levels of SA, JA, and abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves of bacterized plants after infection”
Claim · model-written summary
JA/ET and NPR1-dependent defenses were prioritized in resistance against B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- ISR induced by both beneficial bacteria against B. cinereae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“priming of the JA/ET and NPR1-dependent defenses as prioritized immune pathways in ISR induced by both beneficial bacteria against B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis resistance against Pst DC3000 depended on SA, JA/ET and NPR1 pathways.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- ISR against Pst DC3000e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“B. subtilis-triggered ISR against Pst DC3000 is dependent on SA, JA/ET, and NPR1 pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens resistance required JA/ET and NPR1 signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- ISRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“P. fluorescens-induced ISR requires JA/ET and NPR1 signaling pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA signaling, but not ABA concentration, had a crucial role in primed immunity against Pst DC3000.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e0pathogen
- Outcome
- primed systemic immunity by beneficial bacteria against Pst DC3000e0
- Qualifier
- ABA signaling, but not ABA concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“crucial role of ABA signaling, but not ABA concentration, along with JA/ET signaling in primed systemic immunity by beneficial bacteria against Pst DC3000, but not against B. cinerea”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.