Abstract
Saline water irrigation has been widely used for crop production where agriculture is short of freshwater. To reveal the responses of soil environment and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth to long-term irrigation with saline water, a 10-year (2006 to 2015) experiment was carried out to study the effects of saline water irrigation on soil physico-chemical properties, as well as the yield and fiber quality of cotton in the low plain around the Bohai Sea (BHLP), China. Five salinity levels of irrigation water were tested (3.4 [T1], 7.1 [T2], 10.6 [T3], 14.1 [T4], and 17.7 dS m−1 [T5]), and freshwater (1.3 dS m−1) was used as control (CK). The results showed that from 2006 to 2015, the electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (ECe) in 0 to 100 cm soil depth did not accumulate linearly with years for all treatments but positively correlated with the ratio of irrigation to precipitation. Cotton yield decreased significantly when salinity of irrigation water exceeded 10.6 dS m−1. Fiber quality tended to get worse when salinity of irrigation water reached 17.7 dS m−1. In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased. Compared with the initial chemical properties of soil plow layer in 2006, pH and SAR for saline water treatments increased at the late stage of cotton growth in 2015. The assessment results of soil quality index (SQI) showed that, in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Therefore, from the aspect of the soil quality of plow layer in the BHLP, long-term use of irrigation with saline water above 3.4 dS m−1 will decrease soil quality, and this agricultural management should be paid more attention.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield declined significantly when irrigation-water salinity exceeded 10.6 dS m−1.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- salinity of irrigation water exceeded 10.6 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- Cotton yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.6 dS m−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton yield decreased significantly when salinity of irrigation water exceeded 10.6 dS m−1.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton fiber quality tended to worsen at 17.7 dS m−1 irrigation-water salinity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salinity of irrigation water reached 17.7 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- Fiber qualitye0
- Direction
- get worsee0
- Value
- 17.7 dS m−1e0
- Qualifier
- tended toe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fiber quality tended to get worse when salinity of irrigation water reached 17.7 dS m−1.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil electrical conductivity over 0–100 cm did not accumulate linearly with years across treatments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (ECe)e0
- Direction
- did not accumulate linearlye0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (ECe) in 0 to 100 cm soil depth did not accumulate linearly with years for all treatments”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil electrical conductivity correlated positively with the irrigation-to-precipitation ratio.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- ratio of irrigation to precipitatione0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (ECe)e0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the electrical conductivity of a saturated soil extract (ECe) in 0 to 100 cm soil depth did not accumulate linearly with years for all treatments but positively correlated with the ratio of irrigation to precipitation”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
In year ten, soil ECe, SAR, silt and clay equivalent particles, and bulk density rose with irrigation salinity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity of irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In the tenth yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil porosity and plow-layer macroaggregate content declined as irrigation salinity increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salinity of irrigation watere1
- Outcome
- soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with initial 2006 soil properties, plow-layer pH and SAR increased under saline irrigation by late cotton growth in 2015.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- saline water treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pH and SARe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- initial chemical properties of soil plow layer in 2006e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the initial chemical properties of soil plow layer in 2006, pH and SAR for saline water treatments increased at the late stage of cotton growth in 2015.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index decreased by 3.7% under T1 compared with freshwater control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- SQIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.7%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index decreased by 11.1% under T2 compared with freshwater control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- SQIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index decreased by 16.9% under T3 compared with freshwater control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- SQIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.9%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index decreased by 21.0% under T4 compared with freshwater control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- SQIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.0%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality index decreased by 21.7% under T5 compared with freshwater control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- SQIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.7%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison with CK treatment, SQI decreased by 3.7%, 11.1%, 16.9%, 21.0%, and 21.7% in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors caution that long-term irrigation above 3.4 dS m−1 reduces plow-layer soil quality in the Bohai Sea low plain.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation with saline water above 3.4 dS m−1e0
- Outcome
- soil qualitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- BHLPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from the aspect of the soil quality of plow layer in the BHLP, long-term use of irrigation with saline water above 3.4 dS m−1 will decrease soil quality, and this agricultural management should be paid more attention.”
t0“Effects of a 10-year irrigation with saline water on soil physico-chemical properties and cotton production”
e1“In the tenth year, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the content of silt and clay equivalent size particles, and bulk density of soil plow layer increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water, while soil porosity and the content of macroaggregate in plow layer decreased.”
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