Abstract
Abstract The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was used to evaluate two alternative approaches for extending the cover crop growing window into corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max L.) crop rotations in Nebraska, USA. We evaluated how: (i) shifting corn planting dates (mid‐April to early‐June) and (ii) altering comparative relative maturity (CRM) corn hybrids (80 to 115 days) influence cover crop biomass and corn yields over a 30‐year period. The APSIM model was tested using experimental data and was then used to simulate a range of cover crop planting and termination scenarios. Our results showed no significant yield differences within the same corn relative maturity when planted on April 20 and May 13 but that yield declined when planted in June. During a six week fall cover crop planting window (September 15–October 31), every day before October 31 that the cover crop was planted resulted in additional 62 kg ha −1 of biomass. We also simulated a one month spring termination window (April 1–April 30) and, every day delay in cover crop termination resulted in per day additional 35 kg ha −1 of biomass. Cover crop biomass accrual was highly dependent on weather, where for identical fall planting dates, a warm wet season accrued approximately four times more biomass than a cool dry season. Although we found significant yield differences between early, medium and late season CRMs, earlier fall cover crop planting associated with either earlier spring corn planting or planting an early to medium season variety leads to ten‐fold greater cover biomass. Delayed corn planting by mid‐May had no yield penalty relative to April planting, and could facilitate four‐fold greater cover crop biomass (cover crop terminated April 30 instead of April 1). Our results demonstrate that earlier cover crop planting in fall or later cover crop termination in spring can result in significantly more biomass which can be balanced with yield goals.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yields did not differ significantly between April 20 and May 13 planting within the same relative maturity.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- planted on April 20e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant yield differencese0
- Qualifier
- within the same corn relative maturitye0
- Comparator
- May 13e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results showed no significant yield differences within the same corn relative maturity when planted on April 20 and May 13 but that yield declined when planted in June.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield declined with June planting.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- planted in Junee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results showed no significant yield differences within the same corn relative maturity when planted on April 20 and May 13 but that yield declined when planted in June.”
Claim · model-written summary
Each day earlier cover crop planting before October 31 added 62 kg ha −1 biomass during the fall window.
- Taxon
- winter rye
Secale cerealet0 - Treatment
- every day before October 31 that the cover crop was plantede0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- additionale0
- Value
- 62 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- September 15–October 31e0
- Comparator
- October 31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During a six week fall cover crop planting window (September 15–October 31), every day before October 31 that the cover crop was planted resulted in additional 62 kg ha −1 of biomass.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Each day later spring cover crop termination added 35 kg ha −1 biomass.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- every day delay in cover crop terminatione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- additionale0
- Value
- 35 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- April 1–April 30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We also simulated a one month spring termination window (April 1–April 30) and, every day delay in cover crop termination resulted in per day additional 35 kg ha −1 of biomass.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
For identical fall planting dates, warm wet weather produced approximately four times the cover crop biomass of cool dry weather.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- a warm wet seasone0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- approximately four timese0
- Qualifier
- identical fall planting datese0
- Comparator
- a cool dry seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crop biomass accrual was highly dependent on weather, where for identical fall planting dates, a warm wet season accrued approximately four times more biomass than a cool dry season.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yields differed significantly among early, medium and late season maturities.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- early, medium and late season CRMse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although we found significant yield differences between early, medium and late season CRMs”
e1“altering comparative relative maturity (CRM) corn hybrids (80 to 115 days)”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier fall cover crop planting associated with earlier spring corn planting led to ten-fold greater biomass.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- earlier spring corn plantinge0
- Outcome
- cover biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- ten‐folde0
- Qualifier
- earlier fall cover crop plantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“earlier fall cover crop planting associated with either earlier spring corn planting or planting an early to medium season variety leads to ten‐fold greater cover biomass.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier fall cover crop planting associated with an early to medium season corn variety led to ten-fold greater biomass.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- planting an early to medium season varietye0
- Outcome
- cover biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- ten‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“earlier fall cover crop planting associated with either earlier spring corn planting or planting an early to medium season variety leads to ten‐fold greater cover biomass.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying corn planting to mid-May had no yield penalty relative to April planting.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Delayed corn planting by mid‐Maye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no yield penaltye0
- Comparator
- April plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed corn planting by mid‐May had no yield penalty relative to April planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminating the cover crop April 30 instead of April 1 could facilitate four-fold greater biomass with delayed corn planting.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- cover crop terminated April 30e0
- Outcome
- cover crop biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- four‐folde0
- Qualifier
- could facilitatee0
- Comparator
- April 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed corn planting by mid‐May had no yield penalty relative to April planting, and could facilitate four‐fold greater cover crop biomass (cover crop terminated April 30 instead of April 1).”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier fall planting can produce significantly more cover crop biomass.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- earlier cover crop planting in falle0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate that earlier cover crop planting in fall or later cover crop termination in spring can result in significantly more biomass which can be balanced with yield goals.”
t0“winter rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Later spring termination can produce significantly more cover crop biomass.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealet0
- Treatment
- later cover crop termination in springe0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate that earlier cover crop planting in fall or later cover crop termination in spring can result in significantly more biomass which can be balanced with yield goals.”
t0“winter rye”
The same questions in other papers
Zea mays subsp. mays · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
95 papers in the same direction as this paper · 196 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
288 papers more in this group
See all 292 papers →Zea mays subsp. mays · growth · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
sowing time · growth · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →cover crop · growth · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →sowing time · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
90 papers in the same direction as this paper · 178 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
265 papers more in this group
See all 269 papers →in vitro · growth · Secale cereale (rye)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.