Abstract
Abstract Management is critical to maximize cover crop benefits, while minimizing costs. However, cover crop performance and cost can vary without consistent management strategies. Therefore, we investigated how four planting dates (late October, early November, late November, and early December), two seeding rates (67 and 101 kg ha −1 ), and four N rates (0, 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha −1 ) affected rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production, N uptake, C:N ratio, $ per 100 kg biomass, cash crop yields, and soil organic C (SOC) in a peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)/cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) rotation over six growing seasons (2015–2020) in Headland, Alabama, USA. Biomass production averaged 170% greater for late October planted rye compared to early December across all N rates. Nitrogen increased biomass production, but total biomass amounts decreased with later planting dates. Nitrogen uptake increased as N rate increased for each planting date. The C:N ratio was more sensitive to planting dates than N rates and decreased as planting was delayed. The $ per 100 kg of biomass was similar across all N rates for early planting dates (late October and early November). No yield effect was observed for peanut or cotton, but SOC increased in the 0–5 cm depth when 101 kg N ha −1 was applied to the rye cover crop. Results highlight the importance of planting date compared to seeding and N rates to enhance cover crop performance and return on investment (ROI) for growers in the southeastern United States.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Late October rye produced 170% more biomass than early December rye.
- Taxon
- rye
Secale cerealee0 - Treatment
- late Octobere0
- Outcome
- Biomass productione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 170%e0
- Qualifier
- across all N ratese0
- Comparator
- early Decembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass production averaged 170% greater for late October planted rye compared to early December across all N rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased rye biomass production.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- Nitrogene0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen increased biomass production”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Later rye planting decreased total biomass.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- later planting datese0
- Outcome
- total biomass amountse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total biomass amounts decreased with later planting dates”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye nitrogen uptake rose with nitrogen rate at every planting date.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- N ratee0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- for each planting datee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake increased as N rate increased for each planting date.”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye C:N ratio responded more to planting date than nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- planting datese0
- Outcome
- C:N ratioe0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- N ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratio was more sensitive to planting dates than N rates”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Later rye planting decreased C:N ratio.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- planting was delayede0
- Outcome
- C:N ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C:N ratio was more sensitive to planting dates than N rates and decreased as planting was delayed.”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Cost per 100 kg rye biomass was similar across nitrogen rates at early planting dates.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- $ per 100 kg of biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- early planting dates (late October and early November)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The $ per 100 kg of biomass was similar across all N rates for early planting dates (late October and early November).”
e1“rye ( Secale cereale L., ‘Wrens Abruzzi’) biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye cover crop management had no observed peanut yield effect.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- rye cover crope1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- No yield effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No yield effect was observed for peanut or cotton”
e1“rye cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye cover crop management had no observed cotton yield effect.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- rye cover crope1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- No yield effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No yield effect was observed for peanut or cotton”
e1“rye cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 101 kg N ha −1 to rye increased soil organic carbon at 0–5 cm.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- 101 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- SOCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0–5 cm depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC increased in the 0–5 cm depth when 101 kg N ha −1 was applied to the rye cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors emphasize planting date over seeding and nitrogen rates for cover crop performance and grower returns.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee1
- Outcome
- planting datee0
- Comparator
- seeding and N ratese0
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results highlight the importance of planting date compared to seeding and N rates to enhance cover crop performance and return on investment (ROI) for growers in the southeastern United States.”
e1“rye cover crop”
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