Abstract
The field application of safe chemical inducers plays a vital role in the stimulation of systematic acquired resistance (SAR) of plants. In this study, the efficacy use of three and six field applications with chitosan, lithovit, and K-thiosulfate at 4 g L−1 and salicylic acid at 1.5 g L−1 in improving tomato productivity, quality, and modifying the defense signaling pathways to the Alternaria alternata infection was investigated. Salicylic acid was the most effective in vitro where it completely inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternata. The highest yield quantity was recorded with six applications with Chitosan followed by Salicylic acid; also, they were the most effective treatments in controlling the Alternaria alternata infection in tomato fruits. The maximum increase in chitinase and catalase activity of tomato fruits was observed at five days after inoculation, following treatment with six sprays of salicylic acid followed by chitosan. The transcript levels of seven defense-related genes: ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) were upregulated in response to all treatments. The highest expression levels of the seven studied genes were recorded in response to six foliar applications with chitosan. Chitosan followed by salicylic acid was the most effective among the tested elicitors in controlling the black mold rot in tomato fruits. In conclusion, pre-harvest chitosan and salicylic acid in vivo application with six sprays could be recommended as effective safe alternatives to fungicides against black mold disease in tomato fruits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid completely inhibited the in vitro growth of Alternaria alternata.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Salicylic acide1
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae1pathogen - Outcome
- growth of Alternaria alternatae1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e1“Salicylic acid was the most effective in vitro where it completely inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Six applications with chitosan gave the highest yield quantity of tomato, followed by salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- six applications with Chitosane2
- Outcome
- yield quantitye2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Comparator
- Salicylic acide2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e2“The highest yield quantity was recorded with six applications with Chitosan followed by Salicylic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Six sprays of salicylic acid followed by chitosan gave the maximum increase in chitinase and catalase activity in tomato fruits at five days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Organ / stage
- fruitse3
- Treatment
- six sprays of salicylic acid followed by chitosane3
- Outcome
- chitinase and catalase activitye3
- Direction
- increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The maximum increase in chitinase and catalase activity of tomato fruits was observed at five days after inoculation, following treatment with six sprays of salicylic acid followed by chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript levels of the defense genes ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2) and catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2) were upregulated in response to all treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse4
- Gene
- ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- upregulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e4“The transcript levels of seven defense-related genes: ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) were upregulated in response to all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript levels of the defense genes proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5) and lipoxygenase D (LOXD) were upregulated in response to all treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse4
- Gene
- proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- upregulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e4“The transcript levels of seven defense-related genes: ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) were upregulated in response to all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript level of the defense gene pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) was upregulated in response to all treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse4
- Gene
- pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- upregulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e4“The transcript levels of seven defense-related genes: ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase -2 (ACS-2), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) were upregulated in response to all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Six foliar applications with chitosan gave the highest expression levels of the seven studied genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- six foliar applications with chitosane5
- Outcome
- expression levels of the seven studied genese5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Black Mold Disease in Tomato”
e5“The highest expression levels of the seven studied genes were recorded in response to six foliar applications with chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Six applications with chitosan followed by salicylic acid were the most effective treatments in controlling the Alternaria alternata infection of tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Organ / stage
- fruitse6
- Treatment
- six applications with Chitosan followed by Salicylic acide2
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatae6pathogen
- Outcome
- controlling the Alternaria alternata infectione6
- Direction
- most effectivee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The highest yield quantity was recorded with six applications with Chitosan followed by Salicylic acid”
e6“they were the most effective treatments in controlling the Alternaria alternata infection in tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan followed by salicylic acid was the most effective among the tested elicitors in controlling black mold rot in tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Organ / stage
- fruitse7
- Treatment
- Chitosan followed by salicylic acide7
- Outcome
- black mold rote7
- Direction
- most effectivee7
- Comparator
- the tested elicitorse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Chitosan followed by salicylic acid was the most effective among the tested elicitors in controlling the black mold rot in tomato fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-harvest chitosan and salicylic acid applied in vivo with six sprays could be recommended as safe alternatives to fungicides against black mold in tomato fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- pre-harvest chitosan and salicylic acid in vivo application with six sprayse6
- Outcome
- effective safe alternatives to fungicides against black mold diseasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“pre-harvest chitosan and salicylic acid in vivo application with six sprays could be recommended as effective safe alternatives to fungicides against black mold disease in tomato fruits”
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See all 29 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.