Abstract
An additive intercropping model was adopted to improve land use efficiency and productivity of two prominent oil crops grown in Egypt, that is, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) A 2-yr field trial was conducted in Northern Egypt during the summers of 2017 and 2018. The effects on yield, crop components, and land use efficiency of the system were tested with three N fertilizer rates (70, 105, and 140 kg N ha -1 ) and three thinning intervals of 15, 30, and 45 d after sowing (DAS) for sunflower and 30, 45, and 65 DAS for soybean. Late thinning increased plant height in both crops, but reduced sunflower stem and head diameters and seed weight per head. The maximum seed yield occurred in the pure stands and reached 4.00 and 1.61 t ha -1 for sunflower and soybean, respectively. Early thinning positively affected seed yield and fresh and dry biological yields, while the effect of N rates was limited. Seed oil content of both crops was slightly affected by the treatments and generally averaged approximately 50% and 20% in sunflower and soybean, respectively. While the land equivalent ratio (LER) indicated the advantage of intercropping sunflower and soybean (LER > 1), the DM equivalent ratio (DMER) provided a more realistic estimate as to the effect of intercropping compared with sole cropping in an additive model. Early and intermediate thinning intervals across all N fertilizer rates resulted in yield gain (DMER > 1), while late thinning reduced yield (DMER < 1). Intercropping sunflower and soybean crops is recommended for low input farming systems, particularly in developing countries.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Late thinning increased sunflower plant height.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse1 - Treatment
- Late thinninge0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late thinning increased plant height in both crops”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late thinning increased soybean plant height.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- Late thinninge0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late thinning increased plant height in both crops”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late thinning reduced sunflower stem diameter, head diameter and seed weight per head.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Late thinninge0
- Outcome
- stem and head diameters and seed weight per heade0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late thinning increased plant height in both crops, but reduced sunflower stem and head diameters and seed weight per head”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed yield was maximal in pure stands at 4.00 t ha -1.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 4.00e0
- Setting
- pure standse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum seed yield occurred in the pure stands and reached 4.00 and 1.61 t ha -1 for sunflower and soybean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield was maximal in pure stands at 1.61 t ha -1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.61 t ha -1e0
- Setting
- pure standse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum seed yield occurred in the pure stands and reached 4.00 and 1.61 t ha -1 for sunflower and soybean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Early thinning positively affected seed yield and fresh and dry biological yields.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Early thinninge0
- Outcome
- seed yield and fresh and dry biological yieldse0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early thinning positively affected seed yield and fresh and dry biological yields”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early thinning positively affected soybean seed yield and fresh and dry biological yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Early thinninge0
- Outcome
- seed yield and fresh and dry biological yieldse0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early thinning positively affected seed yield and fresh and dry biological yields”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rates had a limited effect on the studied crop outcomes.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- effect of N ratese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of N rates was limited”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed oil content was slightly affected by treatments and averaged about 50%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Seed oil contente0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- slightly affectede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed oil content of both crops was slightly affected by the treatments and generally averaged approximately 50% and 20% in sunflower and soybean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed oil content was slightly affected by treatments and averaged about 20%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Seed oil contente0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- slightly affectede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed oil content of both crops was slightly affected by the treatments and generally averaged approximately 50% and 20% in sunflower and soybean, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Land equivalent ratio above one indicated an intercropping advantage.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratio (LER)e0
- Value
- LER > 1e0
- Qualifier
- intercropping sunflower and soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the land equivalent ratio (LER) indicated the advantage of intercropping sunflower and soybean (LER > 1)”
Claim · model-written summary
DM equivalent ratio gave a more realistic estimate of additive intercropping effects than sole cropping.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- more realistic estimatee0
- Qualifier
- additive modele0
- Comparator
- sole croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DM equivalent ratio (DMER) provided a more realistic estimate as to the effect of intercropping compared with sole cropping in an additive model”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early and intermediate thinning across nitrogen rates produced yield gains, with DMER above one.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Early and intermediate thinning intervalse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- gaine0
- Value
- DMER > 1e0
- Qualifier
- across all N fertilizer ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early and intermediate thinning intervals across all N fertilizer rates resulted in yield gain (DMER > 1)”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late thinning reduced yield, with DMER below one.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- late thinninge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- DMER < 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late thinning reduced yield (DMER < 1)”
e1“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend intercropping sunflower and soybean for low-input farming systems, particularly in developing countries.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- Intercropping sunflower and soybean cropse0
- Qualifier
- low input farming systemse0
- Setting
- developing countriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping sunflower and soybean crops is recommended for low input farming systems, particularly in developing countries”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →pruning · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
40 papers more in this group
See all 44 papers →pruning · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →pruning · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
32 papers in the same direction as this paper · 76 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
106 papers more in this group
See all 110 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.