Abstract
Drought reduces the availability of soil water and the mobility of nutrients, thereby limiting the growth and productivity of rice. Under drought, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase P uptake and sustain rice growth. However, we lack knowledge of how the AMF symbiosis contributes to drought tolerance of rice. In the greenhouse, we investigated mechanisms of AMF symbiosis that confer drought tolerance, such as enhanced nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and hormonal balance (abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA)). Two greenhouse pot experiments comprised three factors in a full factorial design with two AMF treatments (low- and high-AMF colonization), two water treatments (well-watered and drought), and three rice varieties. Soil water potential was maintained at 0 kPa in the well-watered treatment. In the drought treatment, we reduced soil water potential to - 40 kPa in experiment 1 (Expt 1) and to - 80 kPa in experiment 2 (Expt 2). Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments. The reduction of grain yield was less with higher AMF colonization. Plants with higher AMF colonization showed higher leaf P concentrations than plants with lower colonization in Expt 1, but not in Expt 2. Plants with higher AMF colonization exhibited higher stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence than plants with lower colonization, especially under drought. Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA. The results suggest both nutrient-driven and plant hormone-driven pathways through which AMF confer drought tolerance to rice.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot dry biomass in rice in both experiments.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced root dry biomass in rice in both experiments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- root dry biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced grain yield in rice in both experiments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought reduced shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of rice in both experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher AMF colonization lessened drought-related grain yield reduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- higher AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The reduction of grain yield was less with higher AMF colonization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher AMF colonization raised leaf P concentration in Expt 1 but not Expt 2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- higher AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- leaf P concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Expt 1, but not in Expt 2e0
- Comparator
- lower colonizatione0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Plants with higher AMF colonization showed higher leaf P concentrations than plants with lower colonization in Expt 1, but not in Expt 2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher AMF colonization raised stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence, especially under drought.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- higher AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- especially under droughte0
- Comparator
- lower colonizatione0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Plants with higher AMF colonization exhibited higher stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence than plants with lower colonization, especially under drought.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased ABA levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased IAA levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- IAAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization raised IAA levels.
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Drought increased the levels of ABA and IAA, and AMF colonization also resulted in higher levels of IAA.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest nutrient and hormone pathways contribute to AMF-mediated drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- AMFe0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- nutrient-driven and plant hormone-driven pathwayse0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest both nutrient-driven and plant hormone-driven pathways through which AMF confer drought tolerance to rice.”
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