Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), a plant‐growth regulator, is often used to obtain enlarged table grape berries and induce seedlessness in them. However, the effects of GA 3 on rachis elongation and bunch compactness have seldom been reported in wine‐grape production. We assessed the effects of GA 3 spraying on wine‐grape inflorescences and bunches and their practical implications for viticulture in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China. RESULTS Various GA 3 concentrations were sprayed on field‐grown Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines before anthesis in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China, in 2015 and 2016. Inflorescence length during berry development was measured, and flavonoids and aroma compounds in the fruit were detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), respectively. For both cultivars, 50 and 100 mg L −1 GA 3 caused significant elongation of the rachis, whereas there was no significant effect on inflorescence growth and berry seed number. Anthocyanin, flavonol, and flavan‐3‐ol levels in mature berries were not significantly influenced by GA 3 spraying, whereas C 13 ‐norisoprenoids were modified. CONCLUSION The application of 50‐100 mg L −1 GA 3 prior to grapevine anthesis caused elongation of inflorescences and bunches, and eased cluster compactness in CF and CS, and no negative effects were observed on the yield and seed numbers. The concentration and composition of flavonoids and most aroma compounds were not influenced, except that the norisoprenoids were increased by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
50 mg L −1 GA 3 significantly elongated the rachis of both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis viniferae1 - Treatment
- 50 mg L −1 GA 3e2
- Outcome
- rachise0
- Direction
- elongatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both cultivars, 50 and 100 mg L −1 GA 3 caused significant elongation of the rachis”
e1“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
e2“the norisoprenoids were increased by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 applications”
Claim · model-written summary
100 mg L −1 GA 3 significantly elongated the rachis of both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- 100 mg L −1 GA 3e0
- Outcome
- rachise0
- Direction
- elongatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both cultivars, 50 and 100 mg L −1 GA 3 caused significant elongation of the rachis”
e1“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 did not significantly affect inflorescence growth.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae2
- Treatment
- GA 3e1
- Outcome
- inflorescence growthe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant effect on inflorescence growth and berry seed number”
e1“GA 3 caused significant elongation of the rachis”
e2“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 did not significantly affect berry seed number.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae2
- Treatment
- GA 3e1
- Outcome
- berry seed numbere0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant effect on inflorescence growth and berry seed number”
e1“GA 3 caused significant elongation of the rachis”
e2“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 did not significantly affect mature berry anthocyanins, flavonols or flavan 3 ols.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae1
- Organ / stage
- mature berriese0
- Treatment
- GA 3 sprayinge0
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin, flavonol, and flavan‐3‐ol levelse0
- Direction
- not significantly influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthocyanin, flavonol, and flavan‐3‐ol levels in mature berries were not significantly influenced by GA 3 spraying”
e1“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 modified C 13 norisoprenoids.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae2
- Treatment
- GA 3 sprayinge1
- Outcome
- C 13 ‐norisoprenoidse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C 13 ‐norisoprenoids were modified”
e1“by GA 3 spraying”
e2“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre anthesis GA3 reduced cluster compactness in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- 50‐100 mg L −1 GA 3e0
- Outcome
- cluster compactnesse0
- Direction
- easede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 50‐100 mg L −1 GA 3 prior to grapevine anthesis caused elongation of inflorescences and bunches, and eased cluster compactness in CF and CS”
e1“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre anthesis GA3 did not negatively affect yield.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae2
- Treatment
- 50‐100 mg L −1 GA 3e1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no negative effects were observed on the yield and seed numbers”
e1“The application of 50‐100 mg L −1 GA 3 prior to grapevine anthesis”
e2“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
Most aroma compound composition was unaffected by GA3.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae2
- Treatment
- GA 3 applicationse1
- Outcome
- most aroma compoundse0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration and composition of flavonoids and most aroma compounds were not influenced”
e1“GA 3 applications”
e2“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
50 mg L −1 GA3 increased norisoprenoids.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- 50 mg L −1 GA 3 applicationse0
- Outcome
- norisoprenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the norisoprenoids were increased by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 applications”
e1“Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Franc’ (CF) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) grapevines”
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