Abstract
Plant biostimulants have received increasing attention in recent years because of their positive effects on crop performance and contribution to agro-ecological sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of betaine and chitin treatments, alone and in combination, on lettuce plants by changes in the morphology and physiology of plants exposed to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). Plants were subjected to full irrigation (FI; no water deficiency treatment, field capacity >70%) and RDI (field capacity <50%) conditions until the end of each experiment. We recorded plant yield–related traits, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency (WUE) values weekly for 4 weeks and carried out three individual experiments to assess the efficacy of biostimulant and irrigation treatments. Betaine (0, 50, and 100 m m /plant) was foliar-treated every 2 weeks during Expt. 1, whereas chitin (0, 2, and 4 g/kg) was applied to the soil at the beginning of Expt. 2. We then applied the optimal concentration of each chemical alone or in combination to the plants as Expt. 3. Compared with negative control, the application of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin significantly increased leaf area (LA) per plant by 48.5% and 25.6%, respectively. Furthermore, 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin treatment showed a clearly protective effect in RDI plants, enhancing their total fresh weights by 26.10% and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison with control. Comparing WUE yield and WUE biomass , chemical-treated plants had higher values than control. Betaine (50 m m ) or chitin (2 g/kg) treatments alone significantly elevated LA, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, net photosynthesis, and WUE values, and boosted the water stress tolerance of lettuce under RDI compared with controls. However, a combined treatment of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin did not increase the levels of all yield traits under RDI compared with individual chemical treatment. Most leaves appeared healthy, green, and had visually less leaf chlorosis when treated with chitin or betaine under RDI compared with untreated plants subjected to RDI. Our study indicates that applying betaine and chitin improves plant performance against water supply limitations and highlights their potential for the sustainable production of lettuce.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine at 50 m m increased lettuce leaf area by 48.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- 50 m m betainee0
- Outcome
- leaf area (LA) per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48.5%e0
- Comparator
- negative controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with negative control, the application of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin significantly increased leaf area (LA) per plant by 48.5% and 25.6%, respectively.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin at 2 g/kg increased lettuce leaf area by 25.6% versus control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 2 g/kg chitine0
- Outcome
- leaf area (LA) per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.6%e0
- Comparator
- negative controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with negative control, the application of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin significantly increased leaf area (LA) per plant by 48.5% and 25.6%, respectively.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine increased fresh weight under RDI by 26.10%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 50 m m betainee0
- Outcome
- total fresh weightse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 26.10%e0
- Qualifier
- RDI plantse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin treatment showed a clearly protective effect in RDI plants, enhancing their total fresh weights by 26.10% and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison with control.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin increased fresh weight under RDI by 75.0%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 2 g/kg chitine0
- Outcome
- total fresh weightse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 75.0%e0
- Qualifier
- RDI plantse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin treatment showed a clearly protective effect in RDI plants, enhancing their total fresh weights by 26.10% and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison with control.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemically treated plants had higher WUE yield and WUE biomass than controls.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- chemical-treatede0
- Outcome
- WUE yield and WUE biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing WUE yield and WUE biomass , chemical-treated plants had higher values than control.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine increased leaf area, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, photosynthesis and WUE under RDI.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Betaine (50 m m )e0
- Outcome
- LA, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, net photosynthesis, and WUE valuese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- under RDIe0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Betaine (50 m m ) or chitin (2 g/kg) treatments alone significantly elevated LA, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, net photosynthesis, and WUE values, and boosted the water stress tolerance of lettuce under RDI compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin increased leaf area, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, photosynthesis and WUE under RDI.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- chitin (2 g/kg)e0
- Outcome
- LA, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, net photosynthesis, and WUE valuese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- under RDIe0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Betaine (50 m m ) or chitin (2 g/kg) treatments alone significantly elevated LA, fresh shoot weight, total fresh and dry weights, net photosynthesis, and WUE values, and boosted the water stress tolerance of lettuce under RDI compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined betaine and chitin did not increase all yield traits relative to individual treatments under RDI.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitine0
- Outcome
- levels of all yield traitse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Comparator
- individual chemical treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combined treatment of 50 m m betaine and 2 g/kg chitin did not increase the levels of all yield traits under RDI compared with individual chemical treatment.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine treated RDI lettuce had healthier green leaves and less visible chlorosis.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- betainee0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosise0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- untreated plants subjected to RDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most leaves appeared healthy, green, and had visually less leaf chlorosis when treated with chitin or betaine under RDI compared with untreated plants subjected to RDI.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin treated RDI lettuce had healthier green leaves and less visible chlorosis.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- chitine0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosise0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- untreated plants subjected to RDIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most leaves appeared healthy, green, and had visually less leaf chlorosis when treated with chitin or betaine under RDI compared with untreated plants subjected to RDI.”
t0“Effects of Betaine and Chitin on Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.