Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of lead (Pb) at various concentrations, as an abiotic factor, and the cross-talk between Pb and pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as a biotic factor, on the defence responses of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. Cysterski). The analysis of growth parameters for pea seedlings demonstrated that Pb at a low concentration, i.e., 0.025–0.0625 mM Pb(NO3)2, caused a hormesis effect, i.e., stimulation of seedling growth, whereas Pb at higher concentrations, i.e., 0.01–0.325 mM Pb(NO3)2, inhibited growth, which manifested as the inhibition of length and fresh biomass. The differences in the level of the main defence-related phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)—an auxin stimulating plant cell growth—depended on the dose of Pb, aphid infestation and direct contact of the stress factor with the organ. A high accumulation of soluble sugars in the organs of pea seedlings both at sublethal doses and hormetic doses at early experimental time points was observed. At 0 h and 24 h of the experiment, the hormetic doses of Pb significantly stimulated invertase activities, especially in the roots. Moreover, an increase was observed in the pisatin concentration in pea seedlings growing in the presence of different concentrations of Pb and in the case of cross-talk between Pb and A. pisum in relation to the control. Additionally, a significant induction of the expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genes, which participate in the regulation of the pisatin biosynthesis pathway, in pea seedlings growing under the influence of sublethal 0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2 and hormetic 0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2 doses of Pb was noted. The obtained results showed that the response of P. sativum seedlings depends on the Pb dose applied, direct contact of the stress factor with the organ and the duration of contact.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Low lead concentrations stimulated pea seedling growth.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pb at a low concentration, i.e., 0.025–0.0625 mM Pb(NO3)2, caused a hormesis effect, i.e., stimulation of seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher lead concentrations inhibited seedling length and fresh biomass.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pb at higher concentrations, i.e., 0.01–0.325 mM Pb(NO3)2, inhibited growth, which manifested as the inhibition of length and fresh biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence-related phytohormone and IAA levels depended on lead dose, aphid infestation and organ contact.
- Treatment
- dose of Pb, aphid infestation and direct contact of the stress factor with the organe0
- Outcome
- level of the main defence-related phytohormonese0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The differences in the level of the main defence-related phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)—an auxin stimulating plant cell growth—depended on the dose of Pb, aphid infestation and direct contact of the stress factor with the organ”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugars accumulated highly in pea seedling organs at sublethal and hormetic doses early in the experiment.
- Taxon
- pea seedlings
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- high accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- sublethal doses and hormetic doses at early experimental time pointse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high accumulation of soluble sugars in the organs of pea seedlings both at sublethal doses and hormetic doses at early experimental time points was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormetic lead doses significantly stimulated invertase activity, especially in roots, at 0 and 24 hours.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- hormetic doses of Pbe0
- Outcome
- invertase activitiese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- At 0 h and 24 he0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 0 h and 24 h of the experiment, the hormetic doses of Pb significantly stimulated invertase activities, especially in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead concentrations increased pisatin concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- pea seedlingsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- different concentrations of Pbe0
- Outcome
- pisatin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase was observed in the pisatin concentration in pea seedlings growing in the presence of different concentrations of Pb and in the case of cross-talk between Pb and A. pisum in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined lead and pea aphid exposure increased pisatin concentration relative to control.
- Taxon
- pea seedlingsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- cross-talk between Pb and A. pisume0
- Interactor
- A. pisum
-PLoS.jpg?width=60)
Acyrthosiphon pisume0pest - Outcome
- pisatin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-PLoS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“an increase was observed in the pisatin concentration in pea seedlings growing in the presence of different concentrations of Pb and in the case of cross-talk between Pb and A. pisum in relation to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sublethal lead significantly induced IFS and HMM gene expression.
- Taxon
- pea seedlingsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- sublethal 0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2e0
- Outcome
- expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genese0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant induction of the expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genes, which participate in the regulation of the pisatin biosynthesis pathway, in pea seedlings growing under the influence of sublethal 0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2 and hormetic 0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2 doses of Pb was noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormetic lead significantly induced IFS and HMM gene expression.
- Taxon
- pea seedlingsLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- hormetic 0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2e0
- Outcome
- expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genese0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant induction of the expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genes, which participate in the regulation of the pisatin biosynthesis pathway, in pea seedlings growing under the influence of sublethal 0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2 and hormetic 0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2 doses of Pb was noted”
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lead atom · physiology: enzyme activity · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
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lead atom · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
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See all 6 papers →lead atom · molecular: metabolites · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.