Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thaxtomin A (TA) is a natural cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) synthesized by the potato common scab-causing pathogen Streptomyces scabies. Inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA compromises cell wall organization and integrity, leading to the induction of an atypical program of cell death (PCD). These processes may facilitate S. scabies entry into plant tissues. To study the mechanisms that regulate the induction of cell death in response to inhibition of cellulose synthesis, we used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures treated with two structurally different CBIs, TA and the herbicide isoxaben (IXB). RESULTS: The induction of cell death by TA and IXB was abrogated following pretreatment with the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The addition of auxin efflux inhibitors also inhibited the CBI-mediated induction of PCD. This effect may be due to intracellular accumulation of auxin. Auxin has a wide range of effects in plant cells, including a role in the control of cell wall composition and rigidity to facilitate cell elongation. Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy, we found that inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA and IXB in suspension-cultured cells decreased cell wall stiffness to a level slightly different than that caused by auxin. However, the cell wall stiffness in cells pretreated with auxin prior to CBI treatment was equivalent to that of cells treated with auxin only. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of auxin to Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures prevented the TA- and IXB-mediated induction of cell death. Cell survival was also stimulated by inhibition of polar auxin transport during CBI-treatment. Inhibition of cellulose synthesis perturbed cell wall mechanical properties of Arabidopsis cells. Auxin treatment alone or with CBI also decreased cell wall stiffness, showing that the mechanical properties of the cell wall perturbed by CBIs were not restored by auxin. However, since auxin's effects on the cell wall stiffness apparently overrode those induced by CBIs, we suggest that auxin may limit the impact of CBIs by restoring its own transport and/or by stabilizing the plasma membrane - cell wall - cytoskeleton continuum.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with 2,4-D and IAA abrogated the cell death induced by TA and IXB.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- pretreatment with the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- induction of cell deathe1
- Direction
- abrogatede1
- Qualifier
- by TA and IXBe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e1“The induction of cell death by TA and IXB was abrogated following pretreatment with the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin efflux inhibitors inhibited the CBI-mediated induction of programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- auxin efflux inhibitorse2
- Outcome
- CBI-mediated induction of PCDe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e2“The addition of auxin efflux inhibitors also inhibited the CBI-mediated induction of PCD”
Claim · model-written summary
The auxin efflux inhibitor effect may be due to intracellular accumulation of auxin.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Compound
- auxine3
- Outcome
- CBI-mediated induction of PCDe3
- Qualifier
- may be due to intracellular accumulation of auxine3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e3“The addition of auxin efflux inhibitors also inhibited the CBI-mediated induction of PCD. This effect may be due to intracellular accumulation of auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall stiffness decreased under TA and IXB cellulose synthesis inhibition, to a level slightly different from that caused by auxin.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA and IXBe4
- Outcome
- cell wall stiffnesse4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- to a level slightly different than that caused by auxine4
- Comparator
- auxine4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e4“Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy, we found that inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA and IXB in suspension-cultured cells decreased cell wall stiffness to a level slightly different than that caused by auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall stiffness in cells pretreated with auxin before CBI treatment was equivalent to cells treated with auxin only.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- pretreated with auxin prior to CBI treatmente5
- Outcome
- cell wall stiffnesse5
- Direction
- equivalente5
- Comparator
- cells treated with auxin onlye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e5“the cell wall stiffness in cells pretreated with auxin prior to CBI treatment was equivalent to that of cells treated with auxin only”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin alone or with CBI decreased cell wall stiffness.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Auxin treatment alone or with CBIe6
- Outcome
- cell wall stiffnesse6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e6“Auxin treatment alone or with CBI also decreased cell wall stiffness, showing that the mechanical properties of the cell wall perturbed by CBIs were not restored by auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin did not restore the mechanical properties of the cell wall perturbed by CBIs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- auxine6
- Outcome
- mechanical properties of the cell walle6
- Direction
- not restorede6
- Comparator
- perturbed by CBIse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures”
e6“Auxin treatment alone or with CBI also decreased cell wall stiffness, showing that the mechanical properties of the cell wall perturbed by CBIs were not restored by auxin”
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