Abstract
We used genetic and molecular approaches to identify mechanisms by which the gaseous plant hormone ethylene reduces lateral root formation and enhances polar transport of the hormone auxin. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7, which are defective in auxin influx and efflux proteins, were less sensitive to the inhibition of lateral root formation and stimulation of auxin transport following treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). By contrast, pin2 and abcb19 mutants exhibited wild-type ACC responses. ACC and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased the abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins in an ETR1 and EIN2 (ethylene signaling)-dependent and TIR1 (auxin receptor)-dependent fashion, respectively. The effects of ACC on these transcripts and on lateral root development were still present in the tir1 mutant, suggesting independent signaling networks. ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex, but decreased expression in regions where lateral roots form and reduced free IAA in whole roots. The ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) had opposite effects on auxin-dependent gene expression. These results suggest that ACC affects root development by altering auxin distribution. PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence was increased or decreased after ACC or AVG treatment, respectively, consistent with the role of PIN3 and PIN7 in ACC-elevated transport. ACC treatment abolished a localized depletion of fluorescence of PIN3- and PIN7-GFP, normally found below the site of primordia formation. These results suggest that ACC treatment increased PIN3 and PIN7 expression, resulting in elevated auxin transport, which prevented the localized accumulation of auxin needed to drive lateral root formation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7 mutants were less sensitive to ACC inhibition of lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Material
- aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7e0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- inhibition of lateral root formatione0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7, which are defective in auxin influx and efflux proteins, were less sensitive to the inhibition of lateral root formation and stimulation of auxin transport following treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).”
Claim · model-written summary
aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7 mutants were less sensitive to ACC stimulation of auxin transport.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7e0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- stimulation of auxin transporte0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7, which are defective in auxin influx and efflux proteins, were less sensitive to the inhibition of lateral root formation and stimulation of auxin transport following treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).”
Claim · model-written summary
pin2 and abcb19 mutants exhibited wild-type ACC responses.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- pin2 and abcb19e0
- Outcome
- wild-type ACC responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pin2 and abcb19 mutants exhibited wild-type ACC responses.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC increased transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins through ETR1 and EIN2 dependent signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Gene
- ETR1 and EIN2e0
- Outcome
- abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased the abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins in an ETR1 and EIN2 (ethylene signaling)-dependent and TIR1 (auxin receptor)-dependent fashion, respectively.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA increased transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins through TIR1 dependent signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Gene
- TIR1e0
- Outcome
- abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased the abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins in an ETR1 and EIN2 (ethylene signaling)-dependent and TIR1 (auxin receptor)-dependent fashion, respectively.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC effects on transcripts persisted in tir1 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- tir1 mutante0
- Outcome
- effects of ACC on these transcriptse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of ACC on these transcripts and on lateral root development were still present in the tir1 mutant”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC effects on lateral root development persisted in tir1 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- tir1 mutante0
- Outcome
- effects of ACC on these transcripts and on lateral root developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of ACC on these transcripts and on lateral root development were still present in the tir1 mutant”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- root apexe0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- auxin-induced gene expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC decreased auxin-induced gene expression where lateral roots form.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- regions where lateral roots forme0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- expression in regions where lateral roots forme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex, but decreased expression in regions where lateral roots form”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC reduced free IAA in whole roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- whole rootse0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- free IAAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex, but decreased expression in regions where lateral roots form and reduced free IAA in whole roots”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG had opposite effects on auxin-dependent gene expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)e0
- Outcome
- auxin-dependent gene expressione0
- Direction
- opposite effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) had opposite effects on auxin-dependent gene expression.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC increased PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Gene
- PIN3- and PIN7-GFPe0
- Outcome
- PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence was increased or decreased after ACC or AVG treatment, respectively”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG decreased PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Gene
- PIN3- and PIN7-GFPe0
- Outcome
- PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence was increased or decreased after ACC or AVG treatment, respectively”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC abolished localized PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence depletion below primordia.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- below the site of primordia formatione0
- Treatment
- ACC treatmente0
- Outcome
- localized depletion of fluorescence of PIN3- and PIN7-GFPe0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC treatment abolished a localized depletion of fluorescence of PIN3- and PIN7-GFP, normally found below the site of primordia formation.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that ACC raises PIN3 and PIN7 expression and auxin transport, preventing local auxin accumulation needed for lateral roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- PIN3 and PIN7e0
- Outcome
- lateral root formatione0
- Qualifier
- prevented the localized accumulation of auxine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC treatment increased PIN3 and PIN7 expression, resulting in elevated auxin transport, which prevented the localized accumulation of auxin needed to drive lateral root formation.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana mutants”
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