Abstract
BACKGROUND: Agriculture is highly dependent on climate. Increases in temperature caused by global warming pose challenges for crop production. Heat stress induces oxidative damage to cell membranes and then causes cell death. Plants have developed various responses to elevated temperatures, including hormone signaling pathways and heat shock factors that elevate their thermotolerance. In response to heat stress, the gaseous hormone ethylene is produced through regulation of the expression of signaling-related genes to modulate resource allocation dynamics. For comprehensive understanding of the role of ethylene, this study used an ethylene precursor to analyze the ethylene signaling pathway involved in adjustment of the homeostasis of the antioxidant system and to evaluate heat shock factor expression in rice seedlings under heat stress. RESULTS: Levels of cell membrane oxidation and ion leakage were reduced in rice seedlings under heat treatment combined with ethylene precursor treatment, conferring enhanced thermotolerance. Reduction of the fresh weight and chlorophyll a/b ratio in rice seedlings was lower in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in those under heat stress only. Moreover, reduction of antioxidant response caused by heat stress was ameliorated by treatment with ethylene precursors such as catalase and total peroxidase. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed higher expression levels of heat shock factors such as HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and f and ethylene-signaling-related genes such as ethylene insensitive 2, ethylene insensitive-like 1, and ethylene insensitive-like 2 in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in rice seedlings under heat stress only. CONCLUSION: Ethylene-mediated signaling was involved in the reduction of oxidative damage, maintenance of chlorophyll content, and enhancement of thermotolerance in rice seedlings under heat stress. Furthermore, this study revealed heat shock factors and ethylene-signaling-related genes involved in complex network regulation that confers thermotolerance to rice seedlings.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor treatment reduced cell membrane oxidation in heat treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Outcome
- cell membrane oxidatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of cell membrane oxidation and ion leakage were reduced in rice seedlings under heat treatment combined with ethylene precursor treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor treatment reduced ion leakage in heat treated rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Outcome
- ion leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of cell membrane oxidation and ion leakage were reduced in rice seedlings under heat treatment combined with ethylene precursor treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seedlings receiving ethylene precursor under heat stress had enhanced thermotolerance.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings under heat treatment combined with ethylene precursor treatment, conferring enhanced thermotolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor treatment limited heat stress related loss of fresh weight in rice seedlings compared with heat stress alone.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- under heat stress onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of the fresh weight and chlorophyll a/b ratio in rice seedlings was lower in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in those under heat stress only.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor treatment limited heat stress related reduction of the chlorophyll a/b ratio in rice seedlings compared with heat stress alone.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a/b ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- under heat stress onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of the fresh weight and chlorophyll a/b ratio in rice seedlings was lower in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in those under heat stress only.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor treatment ameliorated the heat stress related reduction in catalase and total peroxidase antioxidant responses in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursorse0
- Gene
- catalase and total peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant responsee0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction of antioxidant response caused by heat stress was ameliorated by treatment with ethylene precursors such as catalase and total peroxidase”
t0“rice seedlings under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stressed rice seedlings receiving ethylene precursor had higher expression of heat shock factors HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and f than seedlings under heat stress alone.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Gene
- HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and fe0
- Outcome
- expression levels of heat shock factorse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rice seedlings under heat stress onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher expression levels of heat shock factors such as HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and f and ethylene-signaling-related genes such as ethylene insensitive 2, ethylene insensitive-like 1, and ethylene insensitive-like 2 in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in rice seedlings under heat stress only.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stressed rice seedlings receiving ethylene precursor had higher expression of ethylene signaling genes than seedlings under heat stress alone.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor treatmente0
- Gene
- ethylene insensitive 2, ethylene insensitive-like 1, and ethylene insensitive-like 2e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of heat shock factors such as HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and f and ethylene-signaling-related genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rice seedlings under heat stress onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher expression levels of heat shock factors such as HSFA1a and HSFA2a, c, d, e, and f and ethylene-signaling-related genes such as ethylene insensitive 2, ethylene insensitive-like 1, and ethylene insensitive-like 2 in rice seedlings under heat stress with ethylene precursor treatment than in rice seedlings under heat stress only.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.