Abstract
Low prices have prompted growers to contemplate transitioning to an organic system. We evaluated red clover-maize-soybean-wheat (Cl-M-S-W), maize-soybean (M-S-M-S), and soybean-wheat/red clover-maize-soybean (S-W/Cl-M-S) rotations in organic and conventional systems in New York, USA from 2015 to 2018 to identify profitable organic practices. Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium. Likewise, organic compared with conventional soybean had ~$800 to ~$900/ha higher returns in 2017 and 2018, despite ~10% lower yield and ~$50/ha higher production costs, because of the organic price premium. Organic compared with conventional wheat yielded ~4% higher with $125/ha higher returns, despite ~$435/ha higher production costs. Organic compared with the conventional system had $1018/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $1782/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2961/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018. Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Organic maize had 14.6% higher yield than conventional maize in 2017 in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation.
- Treatment
- Organice1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 14.6%e1
- Qualifier
- in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotatione1
- Comparator
- conventional maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic maize had $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs than conventional maize in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation.
- Treatment
- Organice1
- Outcome
- returns above selected costse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- $2107/hae1
- Qualifier
- in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotatione1
- Comparator
- conventional maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic maize had $1007/ha higher returns than conventional maize in the M-S-M-S rotation.
- Treatment
- Organice1
- Outcome
- returnse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- $1007/hae1
- Qualifier
- in the M-S-M-S rotatione1
- Comparator
- conventional maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic maize had 3.6% lower yield than conventional maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic maize had higher production costs than conventional maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Organic compared with conventional maize in 2017 had 14.6% higher yield and $2107/ha higher returns above selected costs in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation; and had $1007/ha higher returns in the M-S-M-S rotation, despite 3.6% lower yield and higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soybean had about $800 to $900/ha higher returns than conventional soybean in 2017 and 2018.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe2 - Treatment
- organice2
- Outcome
- returnse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- ~$800 to ~$900/hae2
- Qualifier
- in 2017 and 2018e2
- Comparator
- conventional soybeane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Likewise, organic compared with conventional soybean had ~$800 to ~$900/ha higher returns in 2017 and 2018, despite ~10% lower yield and ~$50/ha higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soybean had about 10% lower yield than conventional soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- organice2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- ~10%e2
- Comparator
- conventional soybeane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Likewise, organic compared with conventional soybean had ~$800 to ~$900/ha higher returns in 2017 and 2018, despite ~10% lower yield and ~$50/ha higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soybean had about $50/ha higher production costs than conventional soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- organice2
- Outcome
- production costse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- ~$50/hae2
- Comparator
- conventional soybeane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Likewise, organic compared with conventional soybean had ~$800 to ~$900/ha higher returns in 2017 and 2018, despite ~10% lower yield and ~$50/ha higher production costs, because of the organic price premium”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic wheat yielded about 4% higher than conventional wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- Organice3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- ~4%e3
- Comparator
- conventional wheate3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Organic compared with conventional wheat yielded ~4% higher with $125/ha higher returns, despite ~$435/ha higher production costs”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic wheat had $125/ha higher returns than conventional wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- Organice3
- Outcome
- returnse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- $125/hae3
- Comparator
- conventional wheate3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Organic compared with conventional wheat yielded ~4% higher with $125/ha higher returns, despite ~$435/ha higher production costs”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic wheat had about $435/ha higher production costs than conventional wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- Organice3
- Outcome
- production costse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- ~$435/hae3
- Comparator
- conventional wheate3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Organic compared with conventional wheat yielded ~4% higher with $125/ha higher returns, despite ~$435/ha higher production costs”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $1018/ha higher returns than the conventional system in the Cl-M-S-W rotation in 2017 and 2018.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- Organice4
- Outcome
- returnse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- $1018/hae4
- Qualifier
- in the Cl-M-S-W rotatione4
- Comparator
- conventional systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e4“Organic compared with the conventional system had $1018/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $1782/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2961/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $1782/ha higher returns than the conventional system in the M-S-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Organice4
- Outcome
- returnse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- $1782/hae4
- Qualifier
- in the M-S-M-S rotatione4
- Comparator
- conventional systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e4“Organic compared with the conventional system had $1018/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $1782/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2961/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $2961/ha higher returns than the conventional system in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Organice4
- Outcome
- returnse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- $2961/hae4
- Qualifier
- in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotatione4
- Comparator
- conventional systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e4“Organic compared with the conventional system had $1018/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $1782/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2961/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation in 2017 and 2018”
Claim · model-written summary
Returns in 2015 and 2016, without the organic premium, were lower.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- returnse5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Qualifier
- in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e5“Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $673/ha higher returns than the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 in the Cl-M-S-W rotation.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- organice5
- Outcome
- returnse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- $673/hae5
- Qualifier
- from 2015 to 2018e5
- Comparator
- conventional systeme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e5“Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $497/ha higher returns than the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 in the M-S-M-S rotation.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- organice5
- Outcome
- returnse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- $497/hae5
- Qualifier
- from 2015 to 2018e5
- Comparator
- conventional systeme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e5“Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic systems had $2355/ha higher returns than the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- organice5
- Outcome
- returnse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- $2355/hae5
- Qualifier
- from 2015 to 2018e5
- Comparator
- conventional systeme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e5“Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period”
Claim · model-written summary
The S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation over the four-year period.
- Taxon
- Maize, Soybean, and WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Material
- S-W/Cl-M-S rotatione5
- Outcome
- most profitable organic rotatione5
- Qualifier
- during the four-year periode5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Economic Responses of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Three Rotations”
e5“Although returns in 2015 and 2016 (no organic premium) were lower, the organic compared with the conventional system from 2015 to 2018 had $673/ha higher returns in the Cl-M-S-W rotation, $497/ha higher in the M-S-M-S rotation, and $2355/ha higher in the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation indicating that the S-W/Cl-M-S rotation was the most profitable organic rotation during the four-year period”
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