Abstract
Soil degradation due to soil salinity and sodicity is considered a serious concern in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Due to arid climate even, normal soils are converted to saline-sodic soils. Recently, reduced tillage proved successfully increasing soil organic matter contributing to soil carbon sequestration leading to improvements in soil physical and chemical properties. However, exploring effect of reduced tillage in saline sodic soils, even under amendments application has less attention so far. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of inorganic soil amendments (Nano zeolite, sulphuric acid and gypsum) and tillage systems (reduced and deep tillage) on saline-sodic soil physical and chemical properties and wheat productivity. Deep tillage with sulphuric acid application significantly reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (Bd) and increased soil hydraulic conductivity (HC), mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregation index (AI) compared to control. Deep tillage showed a significant improvement of saline-sodic soils, despite increasing SOC with reduced tillage. Moreover, sulphuric acid, gypsum and Nano-zeolite applications with deep tillage increased wheat grain yield significantly compared to control. Nano-zeolite application gave the superiority in increasing soil organic carbon compared with sulphuric and gypsum, enhancing wheat productivity to be close to yield under gypsum application without significant differences. Nevertheless, application of Nano-zeolite in improving saline sodic soils not preferable economically compared with sulphuric acid and gypsum. In conclusion, sulphuric acid, gypsum applications in combination with deep tillage improved physical and chemical properties of saline-sodic soils, and consequently enhanced growth and yield of wheat, confirming the importance of deep tillage in reclaiming saline-sodic soils compared with reduced tillage.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage with sulphuric acid reduced soil EC, ESP and physical resistance measures relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Deep tillage with sulphuric acid applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (Bd)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep tillage with sulphuric acid application significantly reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (Bd) and increased soil hydraulic conductivity (HC), mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregation index (AI) compared to control.”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage with sulphuric acid increased soil hydraulic conductivity and aggregation measures relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Deep tillage with sulphuric acid applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil hydraulic conductivity (HC), mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregation index (AI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep tillage with sulphuric acid application significantly reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (Bd) and increased soil hydraulic conductivity (HC), mean weight diameter (MWD) and aggregation index (AI) compared to control.”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage increased soil organic carbon.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee0
- Outcome
- SOCe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite increasing SOC with reduced tillage”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid with deep tillage significantly increased wheat grain yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulphuric acid, gypsum and Nano-zeolite applications with deep tillage increased wheat grain yield significantly compared to control”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum with deep tillage significantly increased wheat grain yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulphuric acid, gypsum and Nano-zeolite applications with deep tillage increased wheat grain yield significantly compared to control”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-zeolite with deep tillage significantly increased wheat grain yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-zeolitee0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulphuric acid, gypsum and Nano-zeolite applications with deep tillage increased wheat grain yield significantly compared to control”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-zeolite increased soil organic carbon more than sulphuric acid and gypsum.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-zeolite applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- sulphuric and gypsume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-zeolite application gave the superiority in increasing soil organic carbon compared with sulphuric and gypsum”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-zeolite wheat productivity was close to that under gypsum, without a significant difference.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-zeolitee0
- Outcome
- wheat productivitye0
- Direction
- close toe0
- Comparator
- gypsum applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nano-zeolite application gave the superiority in increasing soil organic carbon compared with sulphuric and gypsum, enhancing wheat productivity to be close to yield under gypsum application without significant differences”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors did not recommend Nano-zeolite for economic reclamation of saline-sodic soils relative to sulphuric acid and gypsum.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nano-zeolitee0
- Outcome
- not preferable economicallye0
- Comparator
- sulphuric acid and gypsume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Nano-zeolite in improving saline sodic soils not preferable economically compared with sulphuric acid and gypsum”
t0“Effect of Gypsum, Sulfuric Acid, Nano-Zeolite Application on Saline-Sodic Soil Properties and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Types”
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