Abstract
Abiotic stresses represent a major impediment to crop productivity, especially in arid regions. Thus, over two years of 2014 and 2015, a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt to assess the productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) of sunflower as affected by planting dates (April 21, May 21, and June 21) and irrigation levels (ET100%, ET85% and ET70%,). Results clarified that leaf chlorophyll a content was higher by sowing in May than in either April or June sowings, while leaf carotenoides of plant sown in May or June surpassed those sown in April. The minimal value of proline was obtained with sowing in May. Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively. The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing. ET100% showed superiority over than ET85% and ET70% in improving sunflower yields and its attributes, but WUE did not affect. Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% gave the maximum values of seed yield and its attributes and WUE surpassing other interaction treatments. In June, WUE value increased under severe water deficit i.e. ET70% comparing to moderately water–stressed (ET85%) or well–watered conditions (ET100%).
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll a content of sunflower was higher with May sowing than with April or June sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWER
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- sowing in Maye1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll a contente1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- April or June sowingse1
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e1“leaf chlorophyll a content was higher by sowing in May than in either April or June sowings”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf carotenoids of sunflower sown in May or June surpassed those sown in April.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- plant sown in May or Junee2
- Outcome
- leaf carotenoidese2
- Direction
- surpassede2
- Comparator
- those sown in Aprile2
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e2“leaf carotenoides of plant sown in May or June surpassed those sown in April”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline of sunflower reached its minimum value with May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sowing in Maye3
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- minimale3
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e3“The minimal value of proline was obtained with sowing in May”
Claim · model-written summary
May sowing increased sunflower plant height by 52.2 percent relative to April sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sowing in Maye4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 52.2e4
- Qualifier
- Aprile4
- Comparator
- sowing in Aprile4
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e4“Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
May sowing increased sunflower plant height by 22.3 relative to June sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sowing in Maye4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 22.3e4
- Qualifier
- Junee4
- Comparator
- sowing in April and Junee4
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e4“Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
May sowing increased sunflower LAI by 19.3 relative to April sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sowing in Maye4
- Outcome
- LAIe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 19.3e4
- Qualifier
- Aprile4
- Comparator
- sowing in Aprile4
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e4“Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
May sowing increased sunflower LAI by 73.1 percent relative to June sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sowing in Maye4
- Outcome
- LAIe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 73.1%e4
- Qualifier
- Junee4
- Comparator
- sowing in April and Junee4
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e4“Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
April sowing reduced sunflower seed yield by 10.5 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- April and June sowingse5
- Outcome
- seed yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 10.5e5
- Qualifier
- Aprile5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
June sowing reduced sunflower seed yield by 12.8 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- June sowingse5
- Outcome
- seed yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 12.8e5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
April sowing reduced sunflower oil yield by 13.7 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- April and June sowingse5
- Outcome
- oil yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 13.7e5
- Qualifier
- Aprile5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
June sowing reduced sunflower oil yield by 18.3 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- June sowingse5
- Outcome
- oil yielde5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 18.3e5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
April sowing reduced sunflower WUE by 11.8 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- April and June sowingse5
- Outcome
- WUEe5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 11.8e5
- Qualifier
- Aprile5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
June sowing reduced sunflower WUE by 9.8 percent relative to May sowing.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- June sowingse5
- Outcome
- WUEe5
- Direction
- reductionse5
- Value
- 9.8e5
- Comparator
- May sowinge5
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e5“The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
ET100% irrigation was superior to ET85% and ET70% in improving sunflower yields and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- ET100%e6
- Outcome
- yields and its attributese6
- Direction
- superioritye6
- Comparator
- ET85% and ET70%e6
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e6“ET100% showed superiority over than ET85% and ET70% in improving sunflower yields and its attributes, but WUE did not affect”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation level did not affect sunflower WUE.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- ET100%e6
- Outcome
- WUEe6
- Direction
- did not affecte6
- Comparator
- ET85% and ET70%e6
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e6“ET100% showed superiority over than ET85% and ET70% in improving sunflower yields and its attributes, but WUE did not affect”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% gave the maximum seed yield and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100%e7
- Outcome
- seed yield and its attributese7
- Direction
- maximum valuese7
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e7“Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% gave the maximum values of seed yield and its attributes and WUE surpassing other interaction treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% surpassed other interaction treatments in WUE.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100%e7
- Outcome
- WUEe7
- Direction
- surpassinge7
- Comparator
- other interaction treatmentse7
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e7“Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% gave the maximum values of seed yield and its attributes and WUE surpassing other interaction treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
In June, WUE increased under severe water deficit (ET70%) compared with ET85% or ET100%.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- severe water deficit i.e. ET70%e7
- Outcome
- WUE valuee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- moderately water–stressed (ET85%) or well–watered conditions (ET100%)e7
- Setting
- El Nubaria region, Egypte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“IN SUNFLOWER”
e0“a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt”
e7“In June, WUE value increased under severe water deficit i.e. ET70% comparing to moderately water–stressed (ET85%) or well–watered conditions (ET100%)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.