Abstract
Context The loss of insect biodiversity threatens our food security and ecosystem services. This decline is partially linked to intensive agriculture , including monocultures . Alternative cultivation systems with companion plants can create habitats for beneficial insects but may negatively impact crop productivity due to competition. Objective and methods To increase agrobiodiversity , we evaluated a cropping system incorporating companion flowering species in soybean cultivation. A total of 16 different flowering species were sown between the soybean rows and evaluated for their impact on the productivity of three soybean genotypes in a two-year trial in southern Germany. The effects of each species on the soybean traits grain yield, protein content, and time to maturity were compared. In addition, their influence on the soil microbiome was assessed to evaluate a further aspect of biodiversity. Results In the first year with higher water availability, grain yield was affected negatively by the vigorous species Sinapis arvensis , Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum . In the second year with drought stress, most companion species led to significant yield losses. In addition, maturity was substantially delayed by well growing undersown species. However, protein content, representing grain quality, was not negatively affected in any environment. Furthermore, no significant effect on the soil microbiome could be detected. Conclusion In conclusion, a cropping system integrating undersowing of companion species between rows in soybean cultivation is for most species only feasible with sufficient water availability. However, some species, like Linum usitatissimum , seem to be compatible with soybean in such a cropping system even in years with less favourable weather conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Sinapis arvensis undersowing reduced soybean grain yield in the wetter first year.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- Sinapis arvensise0
- Interactor
- Sinapis arvensis
Mutarda arvensise0weed - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- affected negativelye0
- Qualifier
- first year with higher water availabilitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year with higher water availability, grain yield was affected negatively by the vigorous species Sinapis arvensis , Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum .”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sinapis alba undersowing reduced soybean grain yield in the wetter first year.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Sinapis albae0
- Interactor
- Sinapis alba
Sinapis albae0weed - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- affected negativelye0
- Qualifier
- first year with higher water availabilitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year with higher water availability, grain yield was affected negatively by the vigorous species Sinapis arvensis , Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum .”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifolium resupinatum undersowing reduced soybean grain yield in the wetter first year.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Trifolium resupinatume0
- Interactor
- Trifolium resupinatum
Trifolium resupinatume0weed - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- affected negativelye0
- Qualifier
- first year with higher water availabilitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year with higher water availability, grain yield was affected negatively by the vigorous species Sinapis arvensis , Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum .”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Most companion species significantly reduced soybean yield during second-year drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- most companion speciese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Qualifier
- second year with drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the second year with drought stress, most companion species led to significant yield losses.”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-growing undersown species substantially delayed soybean maturity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- well growing undersown speciese0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maturity was substantially delayed by well growing undersown species.”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Companion-species undersowing did not negatively affect soybean protein content in any environment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- companion flowering speciese1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- not negatively affectede0
- Qualifier
- in any environmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein content, representing grain quality, was not negatively affected in any environment.”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Undersowing had no significant effect on the soil microbiome.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- companion flowering speciese1
- Outcome
- soil microbiomee0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant effect on the soil microbiome could be detected.”
e1“companion flowering species in soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that most undersown species are feasible for soybean only with sufficient water.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- undersowing of companion species between rows in soybean cultivation is for most species only feasible with sufficient water availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a cropping system integrating undersowing of companion species between rows in soybean cultivation is for most species only feasible with sufficient water availability.”
Claim · model-written summary
Linum usitatissimum appeared compatible with soybean even under less favorable weather.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimume0weed - Outcome
- compatible with soybean in such a cropping system even in years with less favourable weather conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some species, like Linum usitatissimum , seem to be compatible with soybean in such a cropping system even in years with less favourable weather conditions.”
The same questions in other papers
stage · soil: biology · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
stage · quality: protein · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.