Abstract
Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh. No integrated management options to manage both diseases together are currently available; farmers spray pesticides. A 2-year participatory study was conducted to compare yield and disease severity of plants that originated from preceding nursery studies. Both soil and seed were found to be source of these pathogens. Seedlings raised according to farmers’ practice or in nursery soil treated with Trichoderma harzianum from seed treated either with hot water or Carbendazim were transplanted on fields either with or without soil application of T. harzianum. The seed treatments had comparable effects. Improved nursery management alone reduced wilt and fruit rot by 25–40 and 14–20 percentage points respectively, increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1 and income by €1800-3700 ha−1 compared to farmers’ conventional practice of spraying. In Year 1, a comparable result was obtained treating only the field but not the nursery; farmers, however, did not want to repeat this treatment in Year 2 as costs were higher. Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields and consequently marketable yield increased by 5–7 t ha−1 and income by €500-900 ha−1. Both labour and material costs of the introduced technology were lower than the costs of current farmers’ practice. Given costs of labour and inputs and eggplant price fluctuations over years, farmers are recommended to use the improved nursery management practices. Also treating the field may depend on the capacity of farmers to invest in the additional labour and input. In fields with improved management, T. harzianum persisted at the end of the growing season and reduced populations of R. solanacearum and P. vexans. Also, seed preserved from improved management plots showed reduction of both pathogens compared to seed from farmers’ practice plots. The reduction of pathogens both in field soil and preserved seed for improved management plots may imply that a next crop will start with a lower level of disease pressure. Laboratory tests showed nursery raised seedlings from screenhouse experiments were always found infected with R. solanacearum, but soil application of T. harzianum alone or combined with hot water treatment of seed substantially reduced the infection. Given the positive results of our study, the technology should be made locally available to support eggplant IPM.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Both soil and seed were sources of the two eggplant pathogens.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Outcome
- source of these pathogense0
- Qualifier
- Both soil and seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both soil and seed were found to be source of these pathogens.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The two seed treatments had comparable effects.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- comparable effectse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed treatments had comparable effects.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved nursery management reduced bacterial wilt by 25–40 percentage points.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Improved nursery managemente0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume1pathogen - Outcome
- wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25–40e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ conventional practice of sprayinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved nursery management alone reduced wilt and fruit rot by 25–40 and 14–20 percentage points respectively, increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1 and income by €1800-3700 ha−1 compared to farmers’ conventional practice of spraying.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved nursery management reduced fruit rot by 14–20 percentage points.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Improved nursery managemente0
- Outcome
- fruit rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14–20 percentage pointse0
- Comparator
- farmers’ conventional practice of sprayinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved nursery management alone reduced wilt and fruit rot by 25–40 and 14–20 percentage points respectively, increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1 and income by €1800-3700 ha−1 compared to farmers’ conventional practice of spraying.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved nursery management increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Improved nursery managemente0
- Outcome
- marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8–19 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ conventional practice of sprayinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved nursery management alone reduced wilt and fruit rot by 25–40 and 14–20 percentage points respectively, increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1 and income by €1800-3700 ha−1 compared to farmers’ conventional practice of spraying.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved nursery management increased income by €1800-3700 ha−1.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Improved nursery managemente0
- Outcome
- incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- €1800-3700 ha−1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ conventional practice of sprayinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved nursery management alone reduced wilt and fruit rot by 25–40 and 14–20 percentage points respectively, increased marketable yield by 8–19 t ha−1 and income by €1800-3700 ha−1 compared to farmers’ conventional practice of spraying.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Field treatment alone gave a comparable result in Year 1.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- treating only the field but not the nurserye0
- Outcome
- comparable resulte0
- Qualifier
- Year 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Year 1, a comparable result was obtained treating only the field but not the nursery;”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional field treatment reduced wilt by 10–11 percentage points.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum amended fieldse0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- wilte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10–11e0
- Comparator
- improved seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional field treatment reduced rot by 0.6–6 percentage points.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum amended fieldse0
- Outcome
- rote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 0.6–6 percentage pointse0
- Comparator
- improved seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional field treatment increased marketable yield by 5–7 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume2
- Outcome
- marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5–7 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“marketable yield increased by 5–7 t ha−1 and income by €500-900 ha−1.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional field treatment increased income by €500-900 ha−1.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume2
- Outcome
- incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- €500-900 ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“marketable yield increased by 5–7 t ha−1 and income by €500-900 ha−1.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The introduced technology had lower labour and material costs than farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- labour and material costse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- current farmers’ practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both labour and material costs of the introduced technology were lower than the costs of current farmers’ practice.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers are recommended to use improved nursery management.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- improved nursery management practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“farmers are recommended to use the improved nursery management practices.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional field treatment depends on farmer capacity to invest.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- treating the fielde0
- Qualifier
- capacity of farmers to invest in the additional labour and inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also treating the field may depend on the capacity of farmers to invest in the additional labour and input.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum persisted in improved fields at season end.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- T. harzianum persistede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In fields with improved management, T. harzianum persisted at the end of the growing season”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved management reduced populations of both pathogens in fields.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- P. vexansDiaporthe vexanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- populations of R. solanacearum and P. vexanse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced populations of R. solanacearum and P. vexans.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed from improved plots had less of both pathogens than seed from farmers’ practice plots.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- both pathogense0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- seed from farmers’ practice plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed preserved from improved management plots showed reduction of both pathogens compared to seed from farmers’ practice plots.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery seedlings in screenhouse experiments were always infected with R. solanacearum.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- infected with R. solanacearume0
- Setting
- screenhouse experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nursery raised seedlings from screenhouse experiments were always found infected with R. solanacearum”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil T. harzianum application, alone or with hot-water seed treatment, substantially reduced seedling infection.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- soil application of T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil application of T. harzianum alone or combined with hot water treatment of seed substantially reduced the infection.”
t0“eggplant”
e1“Bacterial wilt (causal agent: Ralstonia solanacearum) and Phomopsis fruit rot (causal agent: Phomopsis vexans) are two major diseases constraining eggplant production in Bangladesh.”
e2“Further disease reduction (10–11 and 0.6–6 percentage points respectively for wilt and rot) occurred when improved seedlings were transplanted into T. harzianum amended fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend local availability of the integrated management technology.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Outcome
- technology should be made locally availablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the technology should be made locally available to support eggplant IPM.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.