Abstract
We measured the long-term (28 years) sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system under integrated nutrient management practices emphasizing the trends in grain yields, sustainable yield index (SYI) and nutrient budgeting. The data of long-term experiment revealed that grain yield of both rice and wheat declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK). Negative yield trend (slope) was observed in control plots for rice (-0.0296) and wheat (-0.0070); whereas positive yield trend was observed under treatments receiving organic supplements. The SYI values indicate that rice yields are more sustainable than wheat. Data on apparent nutrient balance showed a deficit of N (-42.2 kg/ha/year), P (-9.1 kg/ha/year) and K (-52.2 kg/ha/year) under control plots. Surprisingly, there was net depletion of K under the organic supplemented plots. Correlation study revealed that apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat) and yield slope (r = -0.870 for rice; r = -0.896 for wheat). If the trend of K imbalance is not reversed, the potential to improve N and P fertilizer use efficiency and crop yields will be limited.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of both rice and wheat declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of both rice and wheat declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots showed a negative rice yield trend of -0.0296.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- control plotse0
- Outcome
- yield trend (slope)e0
- Direction
- Negativee0
- Value
- -0.0296e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative yield trend (slope) was observed in control plots for rice (-0.0296) and wheat (-0.0070)”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots showed a negative wheat yield trend of -0.0070.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- control plotse0
- Outcome
- yield trend (slope)e0
- Direction
- Negativee0
- Value
- -0.0070e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative yield trend (slope) was observed in control plots for rice (-0.0296) and wheat (-0.0070)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic supplements were associated with a positive yield trend.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“positive yield trend was observed under treatments receiving organic supplements”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yields had a higher sustainable yield index than wheat yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SYI valuese0
- Direction
- more sustainablee0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SYI values indicate that rice yields are more sustainable than wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots had an apparent N deficit of -42.2 kg/ha/year.
- Treatment
- control plotse0
- Compound
- Ne0
- Outcome
- apparent nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- deficite0
- Value
- -42.2 kg/ha/yeare0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“apparent nutrient balance showed a deficit of N (-42.2 kg/ha/year), P (-9.1 kg/ha/year) and K (-52.2 kg/ha/year) under control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots had an apparent P deficit of -9.1 kg/ha/year.
- Treatment
- control plotse0
- Compound
- Pe0
- Outcome
- apparent nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- deficite0
- Value
- -9.1 kg/ha/yeare0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“apparent nutrient balance showed a deficit of N (-42.2 kg/ha/year), P (-9.1 kg/ha/year) and K (-52.2 kg/ha/year) under control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots had an apparent K deficit of -52.2 kg/ha/year.
- Treatment
- control plotse0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- apparent nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- deficite0
- Value
- -52.2 kg/ha/yeare0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“apparent nutrient balance showed a deficit of N (-42.2 kg/ha/year), P (-9.1 kg/ha/year) and K (-52.2 kg/ha/year) under control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic supplemented plots showed net K depletion.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“there was net depletion of K under the organic supplemented plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent K balance was negatively correlated with rice SYI (r = -0.921).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent K balance was negatively correlated with wheat SYI (r = -0.914).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- SYIe0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r = -0.914e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent K balance was negatively correlated with rice yield slope (r = -0.870).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- yield slopee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r = -0.870e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat) and yield slope (r = -0.870 for rice; r = -0.896 for wheat)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent K balance was negatively correlated with wheat yield slope (r = -0.896).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- yield slopee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r = -0.896e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat) and yield slope (r = -0.870 for rice; r = -0.896 for wheat)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors warn that continued K imbalance will limit improvements in N and P fertilizer use efficiency and crop yields.
- Outcome
- N and P fertilizer use efficiency and crop yieldse0
- Qualifier
- If the trend of K imbalance is not reversede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“If the trend of K imbalance is not reversed, the potential to improve N and P fertilizer use efficiency and crop yields will be limited.”
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