Abstract
The fragmentary information on phosphorus (P) × zinc (Zn) interactions in plants warrants further study, particularly in plants known for their high P and Zn requirements, such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of P × Zn interactions in a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically. Biomass, mineral nutrition and photosynthetic parameters were monitored in plants receiving contrasting combinations of P and Zn supply. Root biomass, length and surface area were similar in plants with low P and/or low Zn supply to those in plants grown with high P and high Zn supply, reflecting an increased root/shoot biomass quotient when plants lack sufficient P or Zn for growth. Increasing P supply and reducing Zn supply increased shoot P concentrations, whilst shoot Zn concentrations were influenced largely by Zn supply. A balanced P × Zn supply (4 mM P × 4 μM Zn) enabled greatest biomass accumulation, while an imbalanced supply of these nutrients led to Zn deficiency, P toxicity or Zn toxicity. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency increased as P or Zn supply increased. Although increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) and increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP), increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP and increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP. These results suggest that agricultural management strategies should seek for balanced mineral nutrition to optimize yields and resource-use efficiencies.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
A balanced P x Zn supply (4 mM P x 4 μM Zn) gave the greatest biomass accumulation in cotton, compared with imbalanced supply.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume2 - Treatment
- balanced P × Zn supply (4 mM P × 4 μM Zn)e1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Comparator
- imbalanced supplye1
- Setting
- grown hydroponicallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A balanced P × Zn supply (4 mM P × 4 μM Zn) enabled greatest biomass accumulation, while an imbalanced supply of these nutrients led to Zn deficiency, P toxicity or Zn toxicity”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Imbalanced P and Zn supply led to Zn deficiency, P toxicity or Zn toxicity in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- imbalanced supply of these nutrientse1
- Outcome
- Zn deficiency, P toxicity or Zn toxicitye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A balanced P × Zn supply (4 mM P × 4 μM Zn) enabled greatest biomass accumulation, while an imbalanced supply of these nutrients led to Zn deficiency, P toxicity or Zn toxicity”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate increased in cotton as P or Zn supply increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- P or Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency increased as P or Zn supply increased”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Instantaneous carboxylation efficiency increased in cotton as P or Zn supply increased.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- P or Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- instantaneous carboxylation efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency increased as P or Zn supply increased”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass, length and surface area in cotton with low P and/or low Zn were similar to those with high P and high Zn.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- low P and/or low Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- Root biomass, length and surface areae1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- high P and high Zn supplye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Root biomass, length and surface area were similar in plants with low P and/or low Zn supply to those in plants grown with high P and high Zn supply”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton plants lacking sufficient P or Zn had an increased root/shoot biomass quotient.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- lack sufficient P or Zne1
- Outcome
- root/shoot biomass quotiente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“reflecting an increased root/shoot biomass quotient when plants lack sufficient P or Zn for growth”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P supply and reducing Zn supply increased shoot P concentration in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- Increasing P supply and reducing Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- shoot P concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Increasing P supply and reducing Zn supply increased shoot P concentrations”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Zn concentration in cotton was influenced largely by Zn supply.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- shoot Zn concentrationse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“shoot Zn concentrations were influenced largely by Zn supply”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) of cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- increasing P supplye1
- Outcome
- P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Although increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) and increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP), increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP and increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP) of cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- increasing Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Although increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) and increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP), increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP and increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- increasing Zn supply at a given P supplye1
- Outcome
- PUEPe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Although increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) and increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP), increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP and increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- increasing P supply at a given Zn supplye1
- Outcome
- ZnUEPe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Although increasing P supply reduced the P-use efficiency in photosynthesis (PUEP) and increasing Zn supply reduced the Zn-use efficiency in photosynthesis (ZnUEP), increasing Zn supply at a given P supply increased PUEP and increasing P supply at a given Zn supply increased ZnUEP”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend balanced mineral nutrition in cotton management to optimise yields and resource-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Outcome
- balanced mineral nutritione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“agricultural management strategies should seek for balanced mineral nutrition to optimize yields and resource-use efficiencies”
e2“a modern cultivar of cotton grown hydroponically”
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