Abstract
Cotton is typically grown in warm regions in which salinity and nutrient deficiency stresses are ubiquitous and often simultaneously influence plant growth. Under saline conditions, fertilizer recommendation is highly challenging, since nutrient application may increase or decrease plant salt tolerance, which may complicate prediction of crop yield. So far, no investigations have been conducted in salt-affected soils to determine optimum concentrations of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers based on chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and gas exchange (GEx) responses in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Accordingly, in this study, a factorial experiment was conducted in a complete block design with six replicates under controlled conditions. Treatments included various K2SO4 (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1), and ZnSO4 (0, 50, and 100 kg ha−1) concentrations applied to soil before planting. Cottonseeds were sown in non-saline soils and soils formerly salinized with natural saline water diluted to 15 dS m−1. One month after sowing, results showed that salinity significantly decreased dry weight, chlorophyll content index, photosynthesis rate (A), leaf to air vapor pressure, transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance, and minimum fluorescence of dark-adapted leaf, but increased root to shoot ratio (R/Sh). Under salinity, combined application of K and Zn boosted physiological properties including yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ФPSII), A, and E without improving biomass. Combined application of K and Zn at highest concentrations decreased R/Sh by 93% compared to the control. Rate of increase was higher in E than that of A leading to reduction in water use efficiency. High Zn concentration in saline soils increased non-photochemical quenching and energy loss in form of heat. Under non-saline condition, Zn application significantly decreased A probably due to inhibitory effect on electron transfer within photosystem II. K significantly increased stomatal conductance and accordingly E. GEx parameters were more sensitive to used treatments than ChlF parameters. Based on GEx and ChlF responses, the most salt-tolerant cotton seedlings were obtained under combined application of 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1, thus these concentrations are recommended for optimal establishment of cotton seedlings under salinity stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased cotton seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content index, and photosynthesis rate.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlings
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- dry weight, chlorophyll content index, photosynthesis rate (A)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“salinity significantly decreased dry weight, chlorophyll content index, photosynthesis rate (A)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased leaf to air vapor pressure, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and minimum fluorescence.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- leaf to air vapor pressure, transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance, and minimum fluorescence of dark-adapted leafe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“salinity significantly decreased dry weight, chlorophyll content index, photosynthesis rate (A), leaf to air vapor pressure, transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance, and minimum fluorescence of dark-adapted leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased the root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- root to shoot ratio (R/Sh)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“increased root to shoot ratio (R/Sh)”
e1“salinity significantly decreased dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined potassium and zinc under salinity increased photosystem II photochemical yield, photosynthesis and transpiration.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Zne0
- Outcome
- yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ФPSII), A, and Ee0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Qualifier
- Under salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“Under salinity, combined application of K and Zn boosted physiological properties including yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ФPSII), A, and E without improving biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined potassium and zinc under salinity did not improve biomass.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Zne0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- without improvinge0
- Qualifier
- Under salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“Under salinity, combined application of K and Zn boosted physiological properties including yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ФPSII), A, and E without improving biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest combined potassium and zinc concentrations reduced the root to shoot ratio by 93% versus control.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Combined application of K and Zn at highest concentrationse0
- Outcome
- R/She0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“Combined application of K and Zn at highest concentrations decreased R/Sh by 93% compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The greater increase in transpiration than photosynthesis reduced water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- Rate of increase was higher in E than that of Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“Rate of increase was higher in E than that of A leading to reduction in water use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
High zinc in saline soil increased non-photochemical quenching and heat loss.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- High Zn concentratione0
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenching and energy loss in form of heate0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- saline soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“High Zn concentration in saline soils increased non-photochemical quenching and energy loss in form of heat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc application under non-saline conditions significantly decreased photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Zn applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Under non-saline conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“Under non-saline condition, Zn application significantly decreased A probably due to inhibitory effect on electron transfer within photosystem II”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium significantly increased stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and accordingly Ee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“K significantly increased stomatal conductance and accordingly E”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to the treatments than chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- GEx parameterse0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- ChlF parameterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“GEx parameters were more sensitive to used treatments than ChlF parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The most salt-tolerant seedlings occurred under 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 plus 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- most salt-tolerant cotton seedlingse0
- Direction
- most salt-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“the most salt-tolerant cotton seedlings were obtained under combined application of 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 for seedling establishment under salinity.
- Taxon
- cotton seedlingsGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- combined application of 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- optimal establishment of cotton seedlings under salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton seedlings”
e0“combined application of 50 kg K2SO4 ha−1 and 50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1, thus these concentrations are recommended for optimal establishment of cotton seedlings under salinity stress”
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.