Abstract
Long shelf-life tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) landraces, characterized by carrying the alc allele in the NOR.NAC locus, have been traditionally cultivated in the Mediterranean region. These materials are adapted to open field conditions under low input conditions. However, cultivation under greenhouse is expanding fueled by increasing demand of these traditional tomatoes. We hypothesize that the large diversity in the long shelf-life landraces and derived materials can be exploited for adaptation to these new cultivation conditions. We have evaluated 12 varieties (seven landraces, three selections and two hybrids) carrying the alc mutation under open field (OF) and greenhouse (GH) cultivation, and evaluated them for 52 morphological, agronomic, chemical properties, and chemical composition descriptors. All descriptors, except six morphological ones, were variable. The variety effect was the greatest contributor to variation for most morphological traits, as well as for fruit weight, fruit shape, dry matter, and soluble solids content. However, significant environmental and genotype × environment interaction were found for 36 and 42 descriptors, respectively. Fruits from GH plants had lower weight and firmness and were less red than those from OF. On average, in GH yield was 35% lower and daily fruit weight loss in postharvest 41% higher than in OF. However, fruits from GH had on average higher dry matter and soluble solids contents, antioxidant activity, glucose, fructose, and ascorbic acid concentrations, but lower contents in lycopene and -carotene than those from OF. A principal components analysis clearly separated varieties according to the cultivation environment. However, the distribution pattern of varieties within each of the two clusters (GH and OF) was similar, despite the strong G×E interaction for many descriptors. Landraces from the same origin plotted in the same area of each cluster, and selections and hybrids plotted together with the landraces. The results reveal a high impact of the cultivation environment on morphological, agronomic, chemical properties and chemical composition of Mediterranean long shelf-life traditional tomato varieties. This suggests that breeding programs specifically focused to adaptation to greenhouse conditions should be developed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Most descriptors varied among tomato varieties.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- descriptorse0
- Qualifier
- except six morphological onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All descriptors, except six morphological ones, were variable.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Variety contributed most to variation in morphology, fruit weight and composition.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- varietye0
- Outcome
- variatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- most morphological traits, as well as for fruit weight, fruit shape, dry matter, and soluble solids contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The variety effect was the greatest contributor to variation for most morphological traits, as well as for fruit weight, fruit shape, dry matter, and soluble solids content.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Environment significantly affected 36 descriptors.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- environmentale0
- Value
- 36e0
- Qualifier
- descriptorse0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant environmental and genotype × environment interaction were found for 36 and 42 descriptors, respectively.”
t0“Tomato”
e1“breeding programs specifically focused to adaptation to greenhouse conditions should be developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by environment interaction significantly affected 42 descriptors.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- genotypee0
- Outcome
- genotype × environment interactione0
- Value
- 42e0
- Qualifier
- descriptorse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant environmental and genotype × environment interaction were found for 36 and 42 descriptors, respectively.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse fruit had lower weight, firmness and redness.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GHe0
- Outcome
- weight and firmness and were less rede0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruits from GH plants had lower weight and firmness and were less red than those from OF.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse yield was 35% lower than open field yield.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GHe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in GH yield was 35% lower and daily fruit weight loss in postharvest 41% higher than in OF”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse fruit had 41% higher daily postharvest weight loss.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GHe0
- Outcome
- daily fruit weight loss in postharveste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in GH yield was 35% lower and daily fruit weight loss in postharvest 41% higher than in OF”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse fruit had higher dry matter and soluble solids.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GHe0
- Outcome
- dry matter and soluble solids contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits from GH had on average higher dry matter and soluble solids contents”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse fruit had higher antioxidant activity and glucose and fructose concentrations.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GHe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity, glucose, fructose, and ascorbic acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits from GH had on average higher dry matter and soluble solids contents, antioxidant activity, glucose, fructose, and ascorbic acid concentrations”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse fruit had lower lycopene and beta-carotene contents.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- greenhouse conditionse1
- Outcome
- contents in lycopene and -carotenee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower contents in lycopene and -carotene than those from OF”
t0“Tomato”
e1“breeding programs specifically focused to adaptation to greenhouse conditions should be developed”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA separated varieties by cultivation environment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- separated varietiese0
- Comparator
- cultivation environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A principal components analysis clearly separated varieties according to the cultivation environment.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Within each environment cluster, variety distribution was similar.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- distribution pattern of varietiese0
- Qualifier
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the distribution pattern of varieties within each of the two clusters (GH and OF) was similar”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Landraces of shared origin clustered together.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Landracese0
- Outcome
- plotted in the same area of each clustere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Landraces from the same origin plotted in the same area of each cluster”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Selections and hybrids clustered with landraces.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- selections and hybridse0
- Outcome
- plotted together with the landracese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“selections and hybrids plotted together with the landraces”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend breeding for greenhouse adaptation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- breeding programs specifically focused to adaptation to greenhouse conditions should be developede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“breeding programs specifically focused to adaptation to greenhouse conditions should be developed”
t0“Tomato”
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