Abstract
Abstract The aim of the study was to shorten the period of breaking dormancy in apple seeds and to improve the growth of the seedlings of ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Ligol’ and ‘Szampion’. The whole seeds were removed from fruits directly after the harvest and were subjected to stratification (3 °C for 90 days in darkness) in distilled water or an aqueous solutions of 500 mM salicylic acid (SA), 10 −3 M jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellin A 3 (GA 3 ) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 250 mg·dm −3 and 100 mg·dm −3 , respectively. Growth regulators were applied separately or in a mixture containing SA, JA, GA 3 and BAP. The germinability and seed germination rate, seedlings growth, chlorophyll content index and the maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were investigated. The obtained results revealed that stratification in water positively affected the dormancy removal in ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Ligol’ and ‘Szampion’ seeds. Application of SA, GA 3 , BAP, JA during seed stratification additionally stimulated the seeds’ germination rate as well as the growth of seedlings, index of chlorophyll content and maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm). The most pronounced results were obtained after the seed stratification in GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JA. Due to such a treatment, the germination of ‘Ligol’ seeds increased by 40% and they germinated faster in comparison to the control seeds. Such treatments also promoted the growth of seedlings, chlorophyll content and maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The present study indicates that the application of GA 3 or the mixture of SA, GA 3 , BAP and JA during the stratification of seeds is an effective method to increase and accelerate the germination of seeds and juvenile seedlings’ growth in order to shorten the apple breeding cycle. Further studies are needed to optimize the appropriate concentration of growth regulators applied simultaneously during seeds stratification.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Water stratification aided dormancy removal in all three apple cultivars.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- stratification in watere0
- Outcome
- dormancy removale0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stratification in water positively affected the dormancy removal in ‘Gold Milenium’, ‘Ligol’ and ‘Szampion’ seeds”
t0“Apple Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators during stratification stimulated apple seed germination rate.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SA, GA 3 , BAP, JAe0
- Outcome
- seeds’ germination ratee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of SA, GA 3 , BAP, JA during seed stratification additionally stimulated the seeds’ germination rate”
t0“Apple Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators during stratification stimulated seedling growth and chlorophyll and PSII indicators.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SA, GA 3 , BAP, JAe0
- Outcome
- growth of seedlings, index of chlorophyll content and maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of SA, GA 3 , BAP, JA during seed stratification additionally stimulated the seeds’ germination rate as well as the growth of seedlings, index of chlorophyll content and maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm)”
t0“Apple Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 alone or mixed regulators gave the most pronounced results.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JAe0
- Outcome
- most pronounced resultse0
- Direction
- most pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most pronounced results were obtained after the seed stratification in GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JA”
t0“Apple Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
These stratification treatments increased Ligol germination 40% versus control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Ligol’e0
- Treatment
- GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JAe1
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- control seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination of ‘Ligol’ seeds increased by 40% and they germinated faster in comparison to the control seeds”
e1“GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JA”
t0“Apple Seed”
Claim · model-written summary
These stratification treatments accelerated Ligol germination versus control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Ligol’e0
- Treatment
- GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JAe1
- Outcome
- germinated fastere0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Comparator
- control seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination of ‘Ligol’ seeds increased by 40% and they germinated faster in comparison to the control seeds”
e1“GA 3 alone or in a mixture containing SA, GA 3 , BAP and JA”
t0“Apple Seed”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.