Abstract
6-benzylaminopurine (BA), which was applied at the 10 mm stage of fruit development at 50 and 100 mg.liter$\\sp{-1}$ to 'McIntosh' apples (Malus domestica Borkh), effectively thinned fruit, and increased fruit size and caused seed abortion. Regardless of BA treatment, there were two distinguishable peaks of fruit abscission during 'June drop' on 'Morespur McIntosh' apples. There was a large peak about 14 days after treatment and a second smaller one 24 days after treatment. The first abscission peak was increased by BA, and approximately half of then existing fruit abscised from treated trees between 10 and 14 days after treatment, whereas only one fourth abscised from the control trees. The number of seeds per fruit was lower in abscising fruit than in persisting fruit regardless of BA treatment. Seed number of abscising fruit was increased linearly by BA application. BA enhanced the translocation of $\\sp{14}$C-sorbitol from leaves to fruit when applied directly to the fruit, but not when applied directly to the leaves. Therefore, it is unlikely that BA thinned apple fruit directly through restricting the translocation of photosynthates moving from leaves to fruit. Net photosynthesis was decreased and dark respiration was increased when temperature following BA application was high (30$\\sp\\circ$C), whereas there was no effect when temperature was lower (20$\\sp\\circ$C). Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch in the leaves decreased dramatically over the 12 or 13 day observation period, regardless of BA treatment. These carbohydrate levels were further lowered by BA application. Abscising fruit, based on specific reddening of pedicel, had higher reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrates. The levels of these carbohydrates in fruit from BA treated trees were similar to that from untreated control trees. Foliar application of 5% sorbitol solution had no effect on fruit set. Removal of bourse shoot tip increased fruit set regardless of BA treatment. BA thinned fruit regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or not, and there was no interaction between BA application and shoot tipping. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of BA on fruit set and fruit development on small fruiting branches supported by different numbers of leaves per fruit. BA thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on the girdled small fruiting branch, but not when the leaf number was greater than two. Fruit weight and soluble solids content increased quadratically with increasing leaf number per fruit. BA reduced fruit growth rate when less than 16 leaves were present on the girdled branches between 3 and 7 days after treatment, but it did not affect fruit growth rate when 32 leaves were on the girdled branches. Increasing leaf number also increased normal seed number while decreasing the number of aborted seeds, but it had no effect on the number of total seeds per fruit. BA reduced the number of normal seeds per fruit only when the number of leaves per fruit was less than 4. These results were discussed in relation to carbohydrate supply and source-sink relationships.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyladenine effectively thinned McIntosh apple fruit, including when shoot tips were or were not removed.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BA)e2
- Outcome
- fruite1
- Direction
- thinnede1
- Qualifier
- regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or note3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“effectively thinned fruit, and increased fruit size and caused seed abortion”
e2“6-benzylaminopurine (BA), which was applied at the 10 mm stage of fruit development”
e3“BA thinned fruit regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or not”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyladenine thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on the girdled small fruiting branch, not when more than two leaves were present.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- small fruiting branche4
- Treatment
- BAe4
- Outcome
- fruite4
- Direction
- thinnede4
- Qualifier
- only when one leaf per fruite4
- Comparator
- the leaf number was greater than twoe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e4“BA thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on the girdled small fruiting branch, but not when the leaf number was greater than two”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyladenine increased fruit size and caused seed abortion in McIntosh apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 6-benzylaminopurine (BA)e2
- Outcome
- fruit sizee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- caused seed abortione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“effectively thinned fruit, and increased fruit size and caused seed abortion”
e2“6-benzylaminopurine (BA), which was applied at the 10 mm stage of fruit development”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyladenine increased the first fruit abscission peak in McIntosh apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BAe5
- Outcome
- first abscission peake5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e5“The first abscission peak was increased by BA”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately half of the existing fruit abscised from BA-treated trees between 10 and 14 days, against one fourth from control trees.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treated treese6
- Outcome
- existing fruit abscisede6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Value
- approximately halfe6
- Comparator
- control treese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e6“approximately half of then existing fruit abscised from treated trees between 10 and 14 days after treatment, whereas only one fourth abscised from the control trees”
e5“The first abscission peak was increased by BA”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed number per fruit was lower in abscising fruit than in persisting fruit, regardless of BA treatment.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- abscising fruite1
- Outcome
- number of seeds per fruite1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- persisting fruite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“The number of seeds per fruit was lower in abscising fruit than in persisting fruit regardless of BA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyladenine application increased the seed number of abscising fruit linearly.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA applicatione1
- Outcome
- Seed number of abscising fruite1
- Direction
- increased linearlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Seed number of abscising fruit was increased linearly by BA application”
Claim · model-written summary
BA applied directly to the fruit enhanced translocation of C-sorbitol from leaves to fruit.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- applied directly to the fruite1
- Outcome
- translocatione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- C-sorbitole1
- Comparator
- applied directly to the leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“C-sorbitol from leaves to fruit when applied directly to the fruit”
e2“but not when applied directly to the leaves”
e3“BA enhanced the translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
BA applied directly to the leaves did not enhance translocation to the fruit.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- applied directly to the leavese2
- Outcome
- translocatione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- applied directly to the fruite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“C-sorbitol from leaves to fruit when applied directly to the fruit”
e2“but not when applied directly to the leaves”
e3“BA enhanced the translocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Net photosynthesis decreased when the temperature following BA application was high (30 degrees C).
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA applicatione1
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- when temperature following BA application was highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Net photosynthesis was decreased and dark respiration was increased when temperature following BA application was high”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark respiration increased when the temperature following BA application was high.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA applicatione1
- Outcome
- dark respiratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- when temperature following BA application was highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Net photosynthesis was decreased and dark respiration was increased when temperature following BA application was high”
Claim · model-written summary
When the temperature was lower, BA application had no effect on net photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA applicatione1
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- no effecte2
- Comparator
- temperature was lowere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Net photosynthesis was decreased and dark respiration was increased when temperature following BA application was high”
e2“there was no effect when temperature was lower”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars in the leaves decreased over the 12 or 13 day observation period, regardless of BA.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- in the leavese1
- Outcome
- Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, reducing sugarse1
- Direction
- decreased dramaticallye1
- Qualifier
- regardless of BA treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch in the leaves decreased dramatically over the 12 or 13 day observation period, regardless of BA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch in the leaves decreased over the 12 or 13 day observation period.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- in the leavese1
- Outcome
- starche1
- Direction
- decreased dramaticallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Total nonstructural carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch in the leaves decreased dramatically over the 12 or 13 day observation period, regardless of BA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
BA application further lowered the carbohydrate levels.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA applicatione1
- Outcome
- carbohydrate levelse1
- Direction
- further lowerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“These carbohydrate levels were further lowered by BA application”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscising fruit had higher reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- Abscising fruite1
- Outcome
- reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydratese1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Abscising fruit, based on specific reddening of pedicel, had higher reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit abscission in June drop showed two distinguishable peaks, regardless of BA treatment.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione1
- Qualifier
- two distinguishable peakse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“there were two distinguishable peaks of fruit abscission”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from BA-treated trees had carbohydrate levels similar to untreated control trees.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA treated treese1
- Outcome
- levels of these carbohydrates in fruite1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- untreated control treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“The levels of these carbohydrates in fruit from BA treated trees were similar to that from untreated control trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 5% sorbitol solution had no effect on fruit set.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 5% sorbitol solutione1
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Foliar application of 5% sorbitol solution had no effect on fruit set”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the bourse shoot tip increased fruit set, regardless of BA treatment.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Removal of bourse shoot tipe1
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- regardless of BA treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“'McIntosh' apples”
e1“Removal of bourse shoot tip increased fruit set regardless of BA treatment”
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