Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are crucial for improving plant adaptation to abiotic stresses; however, their physiological functions in apple plants under low-nitrogen (N) stress remain unclear. In this work, a hydroponic approach was used to explore the effects of exogenous GA3 on carbon (C)-N metabolism and allocation in apple seedlings under low-N stress. The results indicated that the application of exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1) enhanced the concentration of endogenous GA3 in the leaves, alleviated the inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf growth caused by low-N stress, and significantly increased plant biomass (21%). In terms of N metabolism, exogenous GA3 enhanced the transcription levels of nitrate transporters and increased leaf N-assimilating enzyme activities, leading to an increase in nitrate and soluble protein content. Additionally, exogenous GA3 significantly increased the distribution ratio of 15N in the leaves and the expression of MdNRT1.5 in the roots, indicating that more N was utilized in the leaves. Regarding C metabolism, exogenous GA3 improved the utilization of photosynthetic products by leaves under low N stress. Specifically, GA3 application enhanced the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase in the leaves, while reducing the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in the roots, leading to significant increases in the 13C distribution ratio and energy charge (EC) in the leaves. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that exogenous GA3 promotes the recovery of leaf growth and function under low-N stress by enhancing the allocation and utilization of C and N in the leaves.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1) raised endogenous GA3 concentration in apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple seedlings
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1)e1
- Outcome
- concentration of endogenous GA3e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1) enhanced the concentration of endogenous GA3 in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 alleviated the inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf growth caused by low-N stress.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1)e1
- Outcome
- inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf growthe2
- Direction
- alleviatede2
- Comparator
- low-N stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1) enhanced the concentration of endogenous GA3 in the leaves”
e2“alleviated the inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf growth caused by low-N stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 significantly increased plant biomass by 21% under low-N stress.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1)e1
- Outcome
- plant biomasse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 21%e3
- Comparator
- low-N stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“exogenous GA3 (50 mg·L−1) enhanced the concentration of endogenous GA3 in the leaves”
e2“alleviated the inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf growth caused by low-N stress”
e3“significantly increased plant biomass (21%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 enhanced the transcription levels of nitrate transporters in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e4
- Outcome
- transcription levels of nitrate transporterse4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e4“exogenous GA3 enhanced the transcription levels of nitrate transporters”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 increased leaf N-assimilating enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e5
- Outcome
- leaf N-assimilating enzyme activitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e5“exogenous GA3 enhanced the transcription levels of nitrate transporters and increased leaf N-assimilating enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 increased nitrate and soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e5
- Outcome
- nitrate and soluble protein contente6
- Direction
- increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e5“exogenous GA3 enhanced the transcription levels of nitrate transporters and increased leaf N-assimilating enzyme activities”
e6“leading to an increase in nitrate and soluble protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 significantly increased the distribution ratio of 15N in leaves.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e7
- Outcome
- distribution ratio of 15Ne7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e7“exogenous GA3 significantly increased the distribution ratio of 15N in the leaves and the expression of MdNRT1.5 in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 significantly increased expression of MdNRT1.5 in apple roots.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e7
- Gene
- MdNRT1.5e7
- Outcome
- expression of MdNRT1.5e7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e7“exogenous GA3 significantly increased the distribution ratio of 15N in the leaves and the expression of MdNRT1.5 in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 improved the utilization of photosynthetic products by leaves under low-N stress.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- exogenous GA3e1
- Outcome
- utilization of photosynthetic productse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- low N stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“exogenous GA3 improved the utilization of photosynthetic products by leaves under low N stress”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 application enhanced the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase in leaves.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- GA3 applicatione1
- Gene
- sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthasee1
- Outcome
- activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“GA3 application enhanced the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase in the leaves, while reducing the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 application reduced the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in apple roots.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- GA3 applicatione1
- Outcome
- expression of sugar unloading-related genese1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“GA3 application enhanced the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase in the leaves, while reducing the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 application significantly increased the 13C distribution ratio and energy charge in leaves.
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- GA3 applicatione1
- Outcome
- 13C distribution ratio and energy charge (EC)e2
- Direction
- significant increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apple seedlings under low-N stress”
e1“GA3 application enhanced the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase in the leaves, while reducing the expression of sugar unloading-related genes in the roots”
e2“leading to significant increases in the 13C distribution ratio and energy charge (EC) in the leaves”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →Gibberellic acid · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Gibberellic acid · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
Gibberellic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.