Abstract
Cadmium (Cd +2 ) is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal (HMs) in the environment. Cadmium chloride was used in three concentrations (0.001, 1, and 5 mM) in presence and absence of Biochar (BC) to evaluate the efficiency of BC in remediation of the Cd toxicity on seed germination. Germination percentage, radicle length, fresh and dry weight gradually decreased with increasing Cd concentration and completely inhibited at 5 mM CdCl 2 . Seedling vigor index (SVI) and metal tolerance index (MTI) decreased, while phyto-toxicity (%) increased with increasing Cd concentration to become 100% at 5 mM CdCl 2 . Cd-stress increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and proline content, whereas the total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, DNA and RNA content decreased. Activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) ascorbic acid oxidase (ASAO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased under Cd-stress conditions. On the other hands, Cd negatively affected α-, and β-amylases and protease enzymes. Cd application also caused a great alteration in the permeability of membranes through increasing ion leakage and lipid peroxidation. Application of BC significantly alleviated the inhibitory effects of Cd and consequently, increased germination percentage, SVI and MTI. Phytotoxicity and inhibition value of radicle decreased by BC treatment to become 50% at 5 mM CdCl 2 . Increasing the germination percentage by BC treatment was associated with increasing the activity of the antioxidants and the hydrolytic enzymes under Cd stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing cadmium lowered germination percentage, radicle length, and fresh and dry weight, with complete inhibition at 5 mM CdCl 2.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- increasing Cd concentratione0
- Outcome
- Germination percentage, radicle length, fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- completely inhibited at 5 mM CdCl 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination percentage, radicle length, fresh and dry weight gradually decreased with increasing Cd concentration and completely inhibited at 5 mM CdCl 2”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling vigor and metal tolerance indexes decreased as cadmium increased.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing Cd concentratione1
- Outcome
- Seedling vigor index (SVI) and metal tolerance index (MTI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling vigor index (SVI) and metal tolerance index (MTI) decreased”
e1“Seedling vigor index (SVI) and metal tolerance index (MTI) decreased, while phyto-toxicity (%) increased with increasing Cd concentration”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytotoxicity increased with cadmium concentration to 100% at 5 mM CdCl 2.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing Cd concentratione0
- Outcome
- phyto-toxicity (%)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phyto-toxicity (%) increased with increasing Cd concentration to become 100% at 5 mM CdCl 2”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd-stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd-stress increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and proline content”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased soluble sugars, proteins, DNA, and RNA content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd-stresse1
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, DNA and RNA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, DNA and RNA content decreased”
e1“Cd-stress increased”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity increased under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd-stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- Activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) ascorbic acid oxidase (ASAO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) ascorbic acid oxidase (ASAO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased under Cd-stress conditions”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium negatively affected α- and β-amylases and protease enzymes.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- α-, and β-amylases and protease enzymese0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd negatively affected α-, and β-amylases and protease enzymes”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased ion leakage and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd applicatione0
- Outcome
- ion leakage and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd application also caused a great alteration in the permeability of membranes through increasing ion leakage and lipid peroxidation”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly alleviated cadmium inhibition and increased germination percentage, seedling vigor index, and metal tolerance index.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of BCe0
- Outcome
- germination percentage, SVI and MTIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of BC significantly alleviated the inhibitory effects of Cd and consequently, increased germination percentage, SVI and MTI”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced phytotoxicity and radicle inhibition to 50% at 5 mM CdCl 2.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- Phytotoxicity and inhibition value of radiclee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytotoxicity and inhibition value of radicle decreased by BC treatment to become 50% at 5 mM CdCl 2”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar-associated germination improvement was associated with increased antioxidant and hydrolytic enzyme activity under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- Increasinge0
- Qualifier
- increasing the activity of the antioxidants and the hydrolytic enzymes under Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the germination percentage by BC treatment was associated with increasing the activity of the antioxidants and the hydrolytic enzymes under Cd stress”
t0“Alfalfa Seeds”
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