Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a macroelement in plants. The biological effects and mitigation mechanisms of silicon under environmental stress have become hot topics. The main objectives of this study were to elucidate the roles of Si in alleviating the effects on the phenotype, micromorphology and anatomy of the leaves of rice seedlings under acid rain stress. The results indicated that the combined or single effects of Si and simulated acid rain (SAR) stress on rice roots depended on the concentration of Si and the intensity of the SAR stress. The combined or single effects of the moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of the rice leaves and the development of the mesophyll cells, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatments. The high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) and severe SAR (pH 3.0 or 2.0) exerted deleterious effects. The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments. The alleviatory effects observed with a moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) were better than the effects obtained with the high concentration of Si (4.0 mM). The alleviatory effects were due to the enhancement of the mechanical barriers in the leaf epidermis.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined moderate Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR enhanced the growth of rice leaves
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- rice leavese0
- Treatment
- moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0)e0
- Outcome
- growth of the rice leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e0“The combined or single effects of the moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of the rice leaves and the development of the mesophyll cells, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined moderate Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR enhanced the development of rice mesophyll cells
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse0
- Treatment
- moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0)e0
- Outcome
- development of the mesophyll cellse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e0“The combined or single effects of the moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of the rice leaves and the development of the mesophyll cells, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined effects of moderate Si and light SAR were stronger than the single treatments
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0)e0
- Outcome
- combined effectse0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- single treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e0“The combined or single effects of the moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) and light SAR (pH 4.0) enhanced the growth of the rice leaves and the development of the mesophyll cells, and the combined effects were stronger than those of the single treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
High Si (4.0 mM) combined with severe SAR (pH 3.0 or 2.0) had deleterious effects on rice
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) and severe SAR (pH 3.0 or 2.0)e1
- Outcome
- effectse1
- Direction
- deleteriouse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e1“The high concentration of Si (4.0 mM) and severe SAR (pH 3.0 or 2.0) exerted deleterious effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporated into SAR at pH 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth compared with SAR alone
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- leaf growthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- SAR only treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporated into SAR at pH 3.0 or 2.0 decreased necrosis spots on rice leaves compared with SAR alone
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- necrosis spotse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- SAR only treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporated into SAR at pH 3.0 or 2.0 maintained the structure and function of rice mesophyll cells compared with SAR alone
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- structure and function of the mesophyll cellse2
- Direction
- maintainede2
- Comparator
- SAR only treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporated into SAR at pH 3.0 or 2.0 increased epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance density on rice leaves compared with SAR alone
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) densitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- SAR only treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Si incorporated into SAR at pH 3.0 or 2.0 improved stomatal characteristics of rice leaves compared with SAR alone
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0e2
- Outcome
- stomatal characteristicse2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- SAR only treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“The incorporation of Si (2.0 or 4.0 mM) into SAR at pH values of 3.0 or 2.0 promoted rice leaf growth, decreased necrosis spots, maintained the structure and function of the mesophyll cells, increased the epicuticular wax content and wart-like protuberance (WP) density, and improved the stomatal characteristics of the leaves of rice seedlings more than the SAR only treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate Si (2.0 mM) gave better alleviatory effects than high Si (4.0 mM)
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM)e3
- Outcome
- alleviatory effectse3
- Direction
- bettere3
- Comparator
- high concentration of Si (4.0 mM)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e3“The alleviatory effects observed with a moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) were better than the effects obtained with the high concentration of Si (4.0 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
The alleviatory effects of Si on rice under SAR are attributed to enhanced mechanical barriers in the leaf epidermis
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- alleviatory effectse4
- Qualifier
- enhancement of the mechanical barriers in the leaf epidermise4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e4“The alleviatory effects were due to the enhancement of the mechanical barriers in the leaf epidermis”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined or single effects of Si and SAR on rice roots depended on the Si concentration and the SAR intensity
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse5
- Treatment
- concentration of Si and the intensity of the SAR stresse5
- Outcome
- effectse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e5“the combined or single effects of Si and simulated acid rain (SAR) stress on rice roots depended on the concentration of Si and the intensity of the SAR stress”
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See all 26 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.