Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are known for functions in regulating plant growth and stress resistance. This study investigated the damage on rice leaves caused by acid rain (AR) and high temperature (HT) simultaneously, as well as the alleviating effect of AOS on these stresses. The results show that plant biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs) after AR treatment reduced more severely under HT conditions than normal-temperature conditions. Both AR and HT triggered the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice leaves. The suppressing effects of AR and HT were individual in most cases, except for AEAs. Microscopic analysis showed that pH 2 AR and HT injured leaf epidermis, particularly the bulliform cells, the veins and interveinal regions. Spraying AOS resulted in a slight elevation of biomass, a significant increase in AEAs and a remarkable decline in ROS concentrations under HT conditions with AR. Besides, the chlorophyll a contents of a leaf after pH 2 AR plus AOS treatment under HT conditions remained 66.1% of that after pH 7 treatment under normal-temperature conditions. Moreover, AOS protected the integrity of leaf tissue even after pH 3 treatment. Taken together, the above results suggest that AR and HT inhibited AEAs, led to the accumulation of ROS and damaged rice leaf. However, foliar applying AOS enhanced AEAs, scavenged ROS, and thus alleviated the stress induced by HT and AR.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain reduced biomass more under high temperature.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AR treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reduced more severelye0
- Comparator
- normal-temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs) after AR treatment reduced more severely under HT conditions than normal-temperature conditions”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain reduced antioxidant enzyme activities more under high temperature.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AR treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- reduced more severelye0
- Comparator
- normal-temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs) after AR treatment reduced more severely under HT conditions than normal-temperature conditions”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain triggered ROS accumulation in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ARe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AR and HT triggered the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature triggered ROS accumulation in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both AR and HT triggered the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rice leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain at pH 2 with heat injured rice leaf epidermis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pH 2 AR and HTe0
- Outcome
- injured leaf epidermis, particularly the bulliform cells, the veins and interveinal regionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pH 2 AR and HT injured leaf epidermis, particularly the bulliform cells, the veins and interveinal regions”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS slightly increased biomass under combined heat and acid rain.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spraying AOSe0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- elevatione0
- Qualifier
- under HT conditions with ARe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying AOS resulted in a slight elevation of biomass, a significant increase in AEAs and a remarkable decline in ROS concentrations under HT conditions with AR.”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities under combined heat and acid rain.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spraying AOSe0
- Outcome
- AEAse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under HT conditions with ARe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying AOS resulted in a slight elevation of biomass, a significant increase in AEAs and a remarkable decline in ROS concentrations under HT conditions with AR.”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS lowered ROS concentrations under combined heat and acid rain.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spraying AOSe0
- Outcome
- ROS concentrationse0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Qualifier
- under HT conditions with ARe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying AOS resulted in a slight elevation of biomass, a significant increase in AEAs and a remarkable decline in ROS concentrations under HT conditions with AR.”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll a after pH 2 acid rain and AOS under heat was 66.1% of the pH 7 normal-temperature reference.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pH 2 AR plus AOS treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a contentse0
- Direction
- remainede0
- Value
- 66.1%e0
- Comparator
- pH 7 treatment under normal-temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll a contents of a leaf after pH 2 AR plus AOS treatment under HT conditions remained 66.1% of that after pH 7 treatment under normal-temperature conditions”
t0“Rice Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS protected leaf tissue integrity after pH 3 treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AOSe0
- Outcome
- integrity of leaf tissuee0
- Qualifier
- after pH 3 treatmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AOS protected the integrity of leaf tissue even after pH 3 treatment”
t0“Rice Leaves”
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See all 36 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.