Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine)-containing herbicides are a common and highly effective method to terminate alfalfa (Medicago sativa) stands. With the development and use of glyphosate-resistant (Roundup Ready®) alfalfa, this tool is no longer an option. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal strategy to rotate from glyphosate-resistant alfalfa into silage corn (Zea mays). Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at sites near Cache Junction and Cornish, Utah to determine the effect of tillage type and timing [fall conventional till (FCT), spring conventional till (SCT), fall strip-till (FST), spring strip-till (SST), and no-till (NT)], 2,4-D plus dicamba herbicide timing (fall, spring, in-crop, and a control), and N rate (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha-1) on soil penetration resistance (PR), alfalfa re-growth, and corn emergence rate index (ERI), silage yield, quality, and economic return. The fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timings across all tillage treatments reduced alfalfa stem count and biomass by at least 95% and 98%, respectively. Tillage reduced PR compared to NT to or near the depth of tillage. The ERI was significantly higher under FCT, SCT, and SST and when herbicides were applied in fall or spring. Silage yield, quality, and economic return were the highest when spring herbicide timing was used with all tillage types and timings and the fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage. Increasing N rates increased crude protein, milk ha-1, and dry matter yield. However, optimal yield and quality can be obtained with no additional N fertilizer. First-year silage corn yield, quality, and economic return can be optimized under fall or spring conventional till, strip-till, and no-till at the spring herbicide timing along with the fall herbicide timing for conventional tillage with no additional N fertilizer.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide applications in fall, spring and in crop reduced alfalfa stem count by at least 95%.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timingse0
- Outcome
- alfalfa stem counte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timings across all tillage treatments reduced alfalfa stem count and biomass by at least 95% and 98%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same herbicide timings reduced alfalfa biomass by at least 98%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timingse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timings across all tillage treatments reduced alfalfa stem count and biomass by at least 95% and 98%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage reduced soil penetration resistance relative to no till to near tillage depth.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Tillagee0
- Outcome
- PRe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- to or near the depth of tillagee0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage reduced PR compared to NT to or near the depth of tillage.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn emergence rate index was significantly higher with FCT, SCT and SST.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- FCT, SCT, and SSTe0
- Outcome
- ERIe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ERI was significantly higher under FCT, SCT, and SST and when herbicides were applied in fall or spring.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall or spring herbicide applications significantly increased corn emergence rate index.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicides were applied in fall or springe0
- Outcome
- ERIe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ERI was significantly higher under FCT, SCT, and SST and when herbicides were applied in fall or spring.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring herbicide timing gave the highest silage yield across tillage treatments.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- spring herbicide timinge0
- Outcome
- Silage yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- with all tillage types and timingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silage yield, quality, and economic return were the highest when spring herbicide timing was used with all tillage types and timings and the fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring herbicide timing gave the highest silage quality and economic return across tillage treatments.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- spring herbicide timinge0
- Outcome
- quality, and economic returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- with all tillage types and timingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silage yield, quality, and economic return were the highest when spring herbicide timing was used with all tillage types and timings and the fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage gave the highest silage yield, quality and economic return.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fall herbicide timing under conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- Silage yield, quality, and economic returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silage yield, quality, and economic return were the highest when spring herbicide timing was used with all tillage types and timings and the fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rates increased crude protein, milk per hectare and dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- crude protein, milk ha-1, and dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rates increased crude protein, milk ha-1, and dry matter yield.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal silage yield and quality could be obtained without added nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- no additional N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- optimal yield and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, optimal yield and quality can be obtained with no additional N fertilizer.”
t0“Corn”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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195 papers in the same direction as this paper · 81 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 283 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.