Abstract
Core Ideas Agronomic efficiency of organomineral fertilizers higher than biosolids granules. Organomineral fertilizers reduces the risk of soil P build‐up compared with biosolids. Conversion of sewage sludge into organomineral fertilizers improves the fertilizer value of biosolids. Field‐scale experiments in four crop seasons established the agronomic performance of biosolids‐derived organomineral fertilizers (OMF) for winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England. Two OMF formulations (OMF 10 10:4:4 and OMF 15 15:4:4) were compared with urea and biosolids granules (≈5:6:0.2) to determine crop responses and fertilizer effects on soil chemical properties. Fertilizers were applied at N rates between 0 and 250 kg ha −1 at regular increments of 50 kg ha −1 N. Average grain yields with OMF 10 and OMF 15 were higher than with biosolids granules, but lower than with urea ( P < 0.05). The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10 , 249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15 , and 225 and 10350 kg ha −1 for urea, respectively. Differences in grain yield between fertilizer treatments were explained by differences in yield components, particularly number of grains and thousand‐grain‐weight. Grain‐N recoveries were 31% for biosolids, ≈40% for OMF, and 52% for urea. Organomineral fertilizers‐induced changes in soil extractable P and soil P Index were not significant. Thus, application of OMF replenished P offtake by the crop and therefore supported the choice of the proposed OMF formulations. By contrast, extractable P increased in biosolids and decreased in urea‐treated soils, respectively. Heavy metals in soil were unaffected by fertilizer treatment and lower than permissible limit values. The use of OMF for winter wheat production appears to be a sustainable approach to recycling biosolids to land.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 10 grain yield exceeded biosolids granules but was below urea.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- OMF 10e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- lower than with ureae0
- Comparator
- biosolids granulese0
- Setting
- Englande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average grain yields with OMF 10 and OMF 15 were higher than with biosolids granules, but lower than with urea ( P < 0.05).”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 15 grain yield exceeded biosolids granules but was below urea.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OMF 15e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- lower than with ureae0
- Comparator
- biosolids granulese0
- Setting
- Englande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average grain yields with OMF 10 and OMF 15 were higher than with biosolids granules, but lower than with urea ( P < 0.05).”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biosolids had optimum nitrogen application of 245 kg per hectare.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- biosolidse1
- Outcome
- optimum N application ratese1
- Value
- 245e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids”
e1“The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 10 optimum nitrogen application rate was 257.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- OMF 10e1
- Outcome
- optimum N application ratese1
- Value
- 257e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10”
e1“The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 15 optimum nitrogen application rate was 249.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- OMF 15e1
- Outcome
- optimum N application ratese1
- Value
- 249e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15”
e1“The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10 , 249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea optimum nitrogen application rate was 225.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- ureae1
- Outcome
- optimum N application ratese3
- Value
- 225e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“225 and 10350 kg ha −1 for urea”
e1“and 225 and 10350 kg ha −1 for urea”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
e3“The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids”
Claim · model-written summary
Biosolids optimum grain yield was 7900 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- biosolidse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Value
- 7900 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum N application rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 10 optimum grain yield was 9100 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- OMF 10e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 9100 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10”
e1“corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF 15 optimum grain yield was 9500 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- OMF 15e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 9500 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15”
e1“corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10 , 249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea optimum grain yield was 10350 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Value
- 10350 kg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and 225 and 10350 kg ha −1 for urea”
e1“corresponding grain yields, were 245 and 7900 kg ha −1 for biosolids, 257 and 9100 kg ha −1 for OMF 10 , 249 and 9500 kg ha −1 for OMF 15 , and 225 and 10350 kg ha −1 for urea”
e2“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number and thousand-grain weight explained fertilizer yield differences.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- Differences in grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- differences in yield components, particularly number of grains and thousand‐grain‐weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in grain yield between fertilizer treatments were explained by differences in yield components, particularly number of grains and thousand‐grain‐weight.”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen recovery was 31% with biosolids.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- biosolidse0
- Outcome
- Grain‐N recoveriese0
- Value
- 31%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain‐N recoveries were 31% for biosolids”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen recovery was about 40% with OMF.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OMFe0
- Outcome
- Grain‐N recoveriese0
- Value
- ≈40%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain‐N recoveries were 31% for biosolids, ≈40% for OMF”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen recovery was 52% with urea.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- Grain‐N recoveriese0
- Value
- 52%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain‐N recoveries were 31% for biosolids, ≈40% for OMF, and 52% for urea.”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF caused no significant change in soil extractable phosphorus and P Index.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Organomineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- soil extractable P and soil P Indexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organomineral fertilizers‐induced changes in soil extractable P and soil P Index were not significant.”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biosolids increased soil extractable phosphorus.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- biosolidse0
- Outcome
- extractable Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extractable P increased in biosolids”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea decreased soil extractable phosphorus.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- extractable Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extractable P increased in biosolids and decreased in urea‐treated soils”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil heavy metals were unaffected by fertilizer and below permissible limits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- Heavy metals in soile0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- lower than permissible limit valuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heavy metals in soil were unaffected by fertilizer treatment and lower than permissible limit values.”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support organomineral fertilizer formulations because they replenish crop phosphorus offtake.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- choice of the proposed OMF formulationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of OMF replenished P offtake by the crop and therefore supported the choice of the proposed OMF formulations.”
e1“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in England.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors regard OMF for winter wheat as a sustainable way to recycle biosolids.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- use of OMF for winter wheat productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of OMF for winter wheat production appears to be a sustainable approach to recycling biosolids to land.”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
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